Trastorno Negativista desafiante o por oposición.

trastornos de conducta

¿Qué es el trastorno Negativista o desafiante por oposición?

Se define como un patrón recurrente de conducta negativista, desafiante, desobediente y hostil dirigido a figuras de autoridad al menos con una duración de seis meses.

Posibles causas del trastorno de conducta oposicionista

Aún se desconoce la causa exacta de este trastorno, pero existen dos teorías principales para explicar su desarrollo.

La teoría del desarrollo: sugiere que los problemas comienzan cuando el niño tiene entre uno y dos años y medio de edad. Estos niños pueden experimentar dificultades para aprender a volverse independientes y separarse de la principal persona a la cual se encuentran ligados emocionalmente.

La teoría del aprendizaje: sugiere, que las características negativas del trastorno de conducta oposicionista son actitudes aprendidas que reflejan los efectos de las técnicas inadecuadas y negativas empleadas por los padres y figuras de autoridad.

negativista desafiante

¿Cuáles son los síntomas del trastorno de conducta oposicionista?

La mayoría de los síntomas observados en niños y adolescentes con este trastorno también se observa a veces en niños que no lo padecen, especialmente alrededor de los 2 ó 3 años de edad o durante la adolescencia. Muchos niños, principalmente cuando están cansados, con hambre o disgustados, tienden a desobedecer, discutir con sus padres y desafiar su autoridad.

Los síntomas del trastorno de conducta oposicionista pueden incluir los siguientes:

  • poca habilidad para regular emociones
  • rabietas frecuentes
  • discusiones excesivas con los adultos
  • negativa a acceder a las solicitudes de los adultos
  • cuestionamiento constante de las reglas; negativa a obedecerlas
  • conducta dirigida a molestar o enojar a los demás, incluidos los adultos
  • intentos de culpar a otras personas por su mala conducta o errores
  • facilidad para enojarse con otros
  • actitud de enojo frecuente
  • vocabulario desagradable o poco amable
  • actitud vengativa o rencorosos

comportamiento perturbador

Como realizar una adecuada intervención

Desde el enfoque cognitivo-conductual, las estrategias de elección para el tratamiento, incluyen una doble vía:

a) Entrenamiento de padres

Es evidente que los primeros en padecer las consecuencias del trastorno son los propios padres. El malestar que se genera suele ser importante y se consolidan métodos de interacción coercitivos o negativos. No es de extrañar, pues, que parte del tratamiento se dirija a proporcionar recursos a los padres para regular y atenuar toda la sintomatología disruptiva.
El entrenamiento no tan solo comprende la enseñanza de estrategias para controlar las conductas negativas sino también de reforzar las positivas. En definitiva, se trata de aprender a ser más eficientes con el niño desarrollando nuevas habilidades y eliminando los métodos ineficaces.
Puede ser necesario también, en algunos casos, proporcionar recursos a los padres para mejorar la vinculación con sus hijos.

b) Intervención con el niño

La intervención individual con niños pretende enseñarles habilidades cognitivas para que sean capaces de gestionar sus emociones y afrontar situaciones difíciles. Este entrenamiento puede llevarse a cabo individualmente o utilizando pequeños grupos.

Los procedimientos utilizados incluyen instrucciones, modelado, representación de papeles, ensayo de la conducta, retroalimentación y refuerzo positivo. También suelen incorporarse estrategias de autoinstrucciones verbales y de la solución de problemas.

Hay que tener cuenta, pero, que uno de los retos más importantes durante y después de la terapia, será que los niños entrenados en estas técnicas sean capaces de generalizarlo o aplicarlo en el ambiente exterior. Para asegurar el éxito de su aplicación externa, conviene incluir en el programa de tratamiento, la práctica en vivo (Kazdin, 1.990). Se trata en definitiva de motivar al niño para que utilicen sus habilidades recién adquiridas en situaciones de la vida real. Para ello deberemos contar con la complicidad y ayuda de los padres, el propio terapeuta y de otras personas externas. Es importante asegurar unos primeros éxitos para mantener un buen nivel de motivación en el niño y su interés para seguir intentando aplicar recursos alternativos a los que le han creado problemas.

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABJlvR1rd0U&feature=player_embedded[/youtube]

Fuente:

  • Tratamiento del trastorno de oposición desafiante.Autores: E. Rigau-Ratera, C. García-Nonell, J. Artigas-Pallar
  • Niños desafiantes: Manual Clínico para la evaluación y entrenamiento de padres”.Barckey (1.997)

11 comentarios en «Trastorno Negativista desafiante o por oposición.»

  1. necesito mas orientacion ya que la nna de mi novio es terrible ya no se que hacer mas para que se porte bien o lleve una mejor vida ya me falto el respeto y siento que nmi relacion se esta marchitando por este problema..

  2. Déjalo, no esta en tu mano resolver sus problemas, deja que busque él mismo las soluciones

    Si ademas te falta el respeto, lo mejor que puede hacer tu relación es marchitarse y morirse, no te pases la vida intentando cambiarlo, el precio es alto y el resultado devastador

  3. mi hijo llora mucho cuando lo dejo en la guarderia, yo pense que era porque pasaba mucho tiempo ahi, y ahora solo lo llevo medio dia, y en la tarde lo cuida m mama pero tambien es el mismi berrinche k hace llora y llora! no se k hacer?

  4. OMG, T.K. I LOVE this — you are SO right, plus you made me laugh out loud more than once! This is braltiinlly said, I’m going to quote you!Lisa Cron´s last blog post ..Like? 0

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  9. Lindig is my sister, so her comments mostly apply to me as well. I recall the Suez Crisis, with machine guns on British & French embassies & King Idris’ guards beating heads with truncheons. Also snuck out of school to play on decommissioned WWII bombers. Don’t you miss the sandstorms & locust swarms? How about those 4th of July beach parties! Tortoises, skinks, Sabratha, Leptis Magna.

  10. Lets have respect for the position of our president. Enough of this verbal attack. The problem is not gej but pdp whose members has made corruption a lifestyle. Even foreigners are benefiting from this corruption, imagine building a house for the VP for 16billions naira.With 500million naira you can build a mansion/paradise with all the facilities needed in place.

  11. As far as the outrageous Ezra Klein is concerned, I’m afraid he is typical of most of the LSM reporters. It is just that he spoke his true feelings on the air and is now trying to backtrack somewhat. He is a young whippersnapper (a little redundancy here for emphasis) who is the product of our progressive, higher education. There are multitudes just like him, and that is why it is going to be an uphill struggle for us to gain traction in the public arena. Do you wonder why so many young people flock to Obama? Well………stands to reason.

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