Kungani ukusetshenziswa kwe-abacus kubalulekile emfundweni nokuthi ungazuza kanjani kukho ngokugcwele

I-abacus, lelo thuluzi lasendulo eliye lahambisana nesintu amakhulu eminyaka, liphinde lathola indawo emakilasini esimanje kanye nezindlela zemfundo. Esikhathini sedijithali, lapho amadivayisi kagesi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo zibusa khona, kuyamangaza ukuthi insiza elula neyakudala kangaka iphinda ithole ukuthandwa kanye nesithakazelo phakathi kothisha, imindeni, kanye nabafundisi.

Kungani i-abacus ihlale ibalulekile, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, kungani ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyanda emfundweni namuhla? Kuyo yonke le ndatshana, sizohlola indima ye-abacus emfundweni yezibalo yezingane, imvelaphi yayo, izinzuzo zayo, izinhlobo zayo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo, kanye nomthelela wayo ofakazelwe ekufundeni. Uzothola ukuthi ukusebenzisa i-abacus kungaba kanjani isihluthulelo kubafundi ukuthuthukisa amakhono aqinile ezibalo kanye namakhono okuqonda adlula kakhulu imisebenzi yezibalo yendabuko.

Umlando kanye nokuvela kwe-abacus kwezemfundo

I-abacus ibhekwa njengenye yezinsimbi zokubala ezindala kakhulu ezaziwayo, enemvelaphi engalandelelwa emuva endulo ezindaweni ezifana neMesopotamia, iShayina, iGrisi, neRoma. Isibonelo, eGrisi lasendulo, kwakusetshenziswa ithebhulethi lemabula elithi 'abakion', kuyilapho amaRoma ayenenguqulo yawo yethusi eyayivumela ukunyakaza kwamatshe ukuze enze ukwengeza nokususa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amasiko ahlukene aguqula leli thuluzi, aliguqula laba yilokho esikwaziyo namuhla njenge-abacus yakudala, ekhona ngezindlela ezahlukene: amaShayina, amaJapane—aziwa ngokuthi i-soroban—nezinye izinhlobo ezisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

EYurophu, i-abacus yayiyisisekelo samakhulu eminyaka kwezentengiselwano kanye nemfundo yamabanga aphansi , yize yacishe yanyamalala ngemva kokwethulwa kwesimiso sezinombolo zesi-Arabhu kanye nokuthandwa kwezibalo ezibhaliwe. Kodwa-ke, ayizange inyamalale ngokuphelele ezindaweni ezifana ne-Asia, lapho ihlala ibalulekile khona empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nasezinhlelweni zemfundo ezikhethekile. Namuhla, i-abacus iphinde yaziswa njengethuluzi lokufundisa eliphumelela kakhulu lokwethula abafundi emiqondweni eyisisekelo yezibalo nokuthuthukisa amakhono abo okuqonda.

Iyini i-abacus futhi yenziwe ngani?

I-abacus yendabuko yakhiwe ngohlaka oluqinile lapho kufakwa khona izinduku noma izintambo eziningana ngokulingana, lapho kufakwa khona ubuhlalu noma amabhola ashukumayo. Isakhiwo singahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile induku ngayinye imelela inani lendawo ohlelweni lwedesimali (amayunithi, amashumi, amakhulu, njll.) kanye nobuhlalu ngabunye, inombolo ehambisanayo. Ukunyakaza kobuhlalu kusho ukwengeza noma ukususa okuthile, ngaleyo ndlela kwenza kube lula ukuqonda okubonakalayo kohlelo lwesikhundla kanye nenani lezinombolo ngokuya ngesikhundla sazo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana ze-abacus , ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zemfundo:

• I-abacus yaseJapan (iSoroban): Ihlukaniswa ngokuba nama-bead amane phansi kwenduku ngayinye kanye nelinye ngaphezulu, okukhuthaza isivinini ekubaleni ngengqondo.
• I-abacus yesiShayina (i-Suanpan): Inezinhlayiya ezinhlanu ngenduku endaweni engezansi kanye nezimbili endaweni ephezulu, ezisetshenziswa kokubili ekufundiseni kwendabuko kanye nasezinhlelweni zokubala ezithuthukisiwe.
• I-abacus evundlile neqondile: Ovundlile uvame ukuba nezinduku eziyishumi ezivundlile (nganye imele ishumi), kanti ovundlile, osakazeke kakhulu emakilasini, wenza kube lula ukushintsha ubuhlalu ukuze bumele amanani ahlukene.
• I-abacus yesikole noma ye-abacus yeshumi: Yimodeli evame kakhulu ezikhungweni zemfundo, ekahle kakhulu ekwethuleni uhlelo lwedesimali.

Ukufinyelela kuma-abacuses akusekho kochwepheshe noma othisha bezibalo kuphela ; namuhla angathengwa kalula ezitolo ezibonakalayo noma eziku-inthanethi ezinikezelwe ezintweni zemfundo, kanye nasezitolo zamathoyizi, okwenza kube lula ukuqaliswa kwawo kunoma yisiphi isikhungo semfundo noma ngisho nasekhaya.

Izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-abacus ebuntwaneni nasemfundweni yamabanga aphansi

Inzuzo eyinhloko yemfundo ye-abacus isemandleni ayo okwenza imiqondo yezibalo engabonakali ibonakale futhi ithuthukise amakhono okuqonda ahlanganisa yonke indawo. Izifundo eziningi ziye zasekela ukusebenza kwayo, ziqokomisa izinzuzo ezilandelayo ikakhulukazi:

• Kuthuthukisa ukuqonda uhlelo lwesimo: Ukuphatha ubuhlalu nezinduku kusiza abafundi ukuqonda ngokucacile nangokuqondile inani lenombolo ngayinye ngokwendawo yayo ngaphakathi kwenombolo.
• Khuthaza ukubala ngengqondo: Ngokuzijwayeza i-abacus, izingane zithuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kanye nokuguquguquka ekusebenzeni kokuhlanganisa, ukususa, ukuhlukanisa kanye nokwakheka kwezinombolo.
• Uthuthukisa amakhono okuqonda emhlabeni wonke: I-abacus ithuthukisa ukugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo ebonakalayo, ukuqaphela, kanye namakhono okucabanga anengqondo.
• Kukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwemisipha emihle: Isenzo esilula sokuphatha ubuhlalu obuhlukene ku-abacus siqinisa ikhono lokusebenzisa izandla kanye nokuxhumana kwesandla namehlo, amakhono abalulekile ebuntwaneni.
• Kukhuthaza ibhalansi phakathi kwezingxenye zombili zobuchopho: Ngokusebenza kokubili ku-logic yezinombolo (i-hemisphere yesobunxele) kanye nokubona kanye nobuciko (kwesokudla), i-abacus inikeza ulwazi oluphelele noluhlanganisayo.
• Kusiza ekuthuthukiseni ukucabanga kwezibalo: Ukuzijwayeza nge-abacus kukuvumela ukuthi uthole imiqondo efana nokuthi konke/akukho lutho, kwesobunxele/kwesokudla, inhlanganisela, ukulingana, ubukhulu kanye nesilinganiso.

Ochwepheshe nezinhlelo ezikhethekile, njengalezo ezivela ku -UCMAS Spain kanye ne-Educación 3.0 , baqinisekisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-abacus kunomthelela omkhulu kumakhono afana nobuciko, ukunaka okukhethayo, inkumbulo yezithombe, kanye nokugxilisa ingqondo okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi kanye nama-workshops asetshenziswe ezikoleni ezahlukene zaseSpain, okuhlanganisa iPaco Rabal Public School eGuadalajara, iSanta Ana School, kanye nohlelo lweKidsBrain, olukhona ezikoleni eziningi.

Kusukela kuliphi iminyaka kufanelekile ukuqalisa i-abacus?

Isingeniso sokusetshenziswa kwe-abacus singenzeka ku-Early Childhood Education , ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokombono wokudlala, kusetshenziswa i-abacus njengethuluzi lokuzama, ukudlala ngemibono yobuningi, konke/ukungabi nalutho, imibala, kwesokudla/kwesobunxele, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinombolo zokuqala ngokubonakalayo.

Kodwa-ke, kusesigabeni seMfundo yamabanga aphansi—kusukela eminyakeni engu-6-7 ubudala—lapho i-abacus iveza khona amandla ayo aphelele , njengoba kuleyo minyaka lapho izingane ziqala khona ukuya ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamadesimali futhi zibhekane nemisebenzi yokuqala yezibalo ngezinga eliphakeme lokucashunwa.

Izicelo ezisebenzayo kanye nemisebenzi yezemfundo enama-abacuses

I-abacus ayilona nje ithuluzi lokufunda ukuhlanganisa nokususa . Isibe umthombo wemisebenzi eminingi ehlukahlukene, konke okuhloswe ngakho ukuhlanganisa ukufunda imiqondo yezibalo nokuthuthukisa amakhono okuqonda kanye nokunyakaza komzimba.

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwezemfundo

• Ukuqonda uhlelo lwedesimali kanye nenani lendawo: Indawo yobuhlalu endukwini ethile isenza sikwazi ukukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi inombolo efanayo ihlukahluka kanjani kuye ngokuthi ibekwe kuphi, okuyinto ebalulekile ekuqondeni ubukhulu bezinombolo.
• Hlakaza futhi ubhale izinombolo: Ngokudlala nge-abacus, izingane zingabona ngokoqobo ukuthi inombolo yakhiwa kanjani ngokuhlanganisa amayunithi abe amashumi, amakhulu, njll.
• Yenza imisebenzi eyisisekelo: Ikuvumela ukuthi uzijwayeze ukuhlanganisa nokususa ngendlela eqondakala kalula nebonakalayo, futhi emazingeni athuthukile, ukuphindaphinda nokuhlukanisa.
• Ukumela izinqubo zokubala ngengqondo: Njengoba uba nekhono ngokwengeziwe, i-abacus iba usizo lokubala ngengqondo kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga ngempumelelo enkulu.
• Ukubonisa izinombolo zamadesimali nokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-combinatorics: Lo mthombo uphinde usetshenziswe ukwenza imisebenzi yokulingana, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokuzivocavoca okuncane kokuhlanganisa ngokusebenzisa ama-akhawunti.

Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zemisebenzi enama-abacuses ekilasini

• Ukumelela izinombolo ku-abacus: Uthisha ucela abafundi ukuthi bakhe, isibonelo, inombolo 57: ubuhlalu obuyisikhombisa emgqeni wamayunithi kanye no-5 emgqeni wamashumi. Amadayisi, amabhola e-bingo, noma ezinye izinto zingasetshenziswa ukwengeza ukuhlukahluka nokukhuthaza ukudlala.
• Ukuqaphela izinombolo ezenziwe ngaphambilini: Abafundi baqaphela umfanekiso ne-abacus futhi kumele babhale inombolo abayibonayo, noma okuphambene nalokho: bezwa inombolo bese beyimelela ngokuhambisa ubuhlalu obudingekayo.
• Khomba inombolo ngaphambi noma ngemva kwenombolo ethile: Kuwusizo kakhulu ekuqiniseni umuzwa wokuhleleka nobuningi, kanye nokusebenza ngemibono "engaphezu", "engaphansi", noma ukuqonda umehluko lapho kuguqulwa izikhundla namanani.
• Hlakaza izinombolo zibe yizijobelelo: Isibonelo, abafundi bangacelwa ukuthi bakhe izindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa u-10 besebenzisa izinombolo, ngaleyo ndlela bathuthukise ukuqonda kokuhlanganisa nokususa.
• Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokudlala: Ungadlala 'i-number bingo' usebenzisa i-abacus ukumela izinombolo eziwinayo, noma udale izinselele ezincane zesivinini sokubala kanye nenkumbulo.

Ucwaningo kanye nezifundo ngomthelela wezemfundo we-abacus

Ukuphumelela kwe-abacus ekuthuthukiseni amakhono ezibalo kuye kwasekelwa yizifundo eziningana ezaziwayo. Isibonelo, umsebenzi womcwaningi u-K. Vasuki, onesihloko esithi "Impact of Learning Mental Arithmetic with an Abacus on Children's Cognitive Abilities," ubonise ukuthi abafundi abasebenza ngokuhlelekile ne-abacus bathuthukisa kanjani ukunaka, ukuguquguquka kwengqondo, ukubala kwengqondo, kanye nenkumbulo yokubona ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa nalabo abasebenzisa izindlela zendabuko.

ESpain, amanyuvesi ahlukahlukene kanye nezikhungo zomphakathi nazo zenze izifundo zokuqhathanisa phakathi kwabafundi abasebenzisa i-abacus nalabo abangasebenzisi, bathola umehluko ophawulekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono okubuka, ikhono lokugxilisa ingqondo kanye namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga.