Kutheni ukusetyenziswa kwe-abacus kubalulekile kwimfundo kunye nendlela yokufumana okuninzi kuyo

I-abacus, isixhobo sakudala ebesihamba noluntu kangangeenkulungwane, iphinde yafumana indawo kwiiklasi zanamhlanje nakwiindlela zemfundo. Kwixesha ledijithali, apho izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye neeapps zemfundo zilawula khona, kuyamangalisa ukuba isixhobo esilula nesiqhelekileyo siphinda sithandwe kwaye sinomdla phakathi kootitshala, iintsapho kunye nabafundisi-ntsapho.

Kutheni i-abacus ihlale ibalulekile, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, kutheni ukusetyenziswa kwayo kusanda kwimfundo namhlanje? Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siza kujonga indima ye-abacus kwimfundo yezibalo yabantwana, imvelaphi yayo, iingenelo zayo, iintlobo zayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nempembelelo yayo eqinisekisiweyo ekufundeni. Uza kufumanisa indlela ukusebenzisa i-abacus okunokuba luncedo ngayo kubafundi ukuphuhlisa izakhono eziqinileyo zezibalo kunye nezakhono zokuqonda ezidlula kakhulu imisebenzi yezibalo yendabuko.

Imbali kunye nophuhliso lwe-abacus kwimfundo

I-abacus ithathwa njengenye yezona zixhobo zokubala zindala ezaziwayo, kwaye imvelaphi yazo isuka kudala kwiindawo ezifana neMesopotamia, iTshayina, iGrisi, neRoma. Umzekelo, kwiGrisi yamandulo, kwakusetyenziswa ithebhulethi yemarble ethi 'abakion', ngelixa amaRoma ayenenguqulelo yawo yobhedu eyayivumela ukuhamba kwamatye ukwenza ukongeza nokuthabatha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo zayitshintsha le sixhobo, zasiguqula saba yinto esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge-abacus yakudala, ekhoyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: amaTshayina, amaJapan—aziwa ngokuba yi-soroban—nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.

EYurophu, i-abacus yayibalulekile kangangeenkulungwane kurhwebo nakwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi , nangona yaphantse yanyamalala emva kokungeniswa kwenkqubo yamanani esiArabhu kunye nokwaziswa kwezibalo ezibhaliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayizange iphele ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo ezifana ne-Asia, apho ihlala ibalulekile kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwiinkqubo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo. Namhlanje, i-abacus iphinda ixatyiswe njengesixhobo sokufundisa esisebenzayo kakhulu sokwazisa abafundi kwiingcamango zezibalo ezisisiseko kunye nokuphucula izakhono zabo zokuqonda.

Yintoni i-abacus kwaye yenziwe ngantoni?

I-abacus yendabuko inesakhelo esiqinileyo apho kufakwa khona iintonga okanye imitya emininzi ngaxeshanye, apho kufakwa khona iintsimbi okanye iibhola ezishukumayo. Ulwakhiwo lunokwahluka, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo intonga nganye imele ixabiso lendawo kwinkqubo yedesimali (iiyunithi, amashumi, amakhulu, njl.njl.) kwaye intsimbi nganye, inani elihambelanayo. Intshukumo yeentsimbi ibonisa ukongeza okanye ukuthabatha okuthile, ngaloo ndlela iququzelela ukuqonda okubonakalayo kwenkqubo yesikhundla kunye nexabiso lamanani ngokwendawo yawo.

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-abacus , nganye ineempawu zayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwezemfundo:

• I-abacus yaseJapan (iSoroban): Yahlukile ngokuba neentsimbi ezine ezantsi kwentonga nganye kunye nenye ngaphezulu, nto leyo ekhuthaza isantya ekubaleni ngengqondo.
• I-abacus yesiTshayina (iSuanpan): Ineentsimbi ezintlanu ngentonga nganye kwindawo esezantsi kunye nezimbini kwindawo ephezulu, zisetyenziswa ekufundiseni kwendabuko nakwiinkqubo zokubala eziphambili.
• I-abacus ethe tye nethe nkqo: Elithe tye lidla ngokuba neentonga ezilishumi ezithe tye (nganye imele ishumi), ngelixa elithe tye, elixhaphake kakhulu emagumbini okufundela, lenza kube lula ukusebenzisa iintsimbi ukuze zimele ubungakanani obahlukeneyo.
• I-abacus yesikolo okanye yee-bead ezilishumi: Yeyona modeli ixhaphakileyo kumaziko emfundo, ilungele ukwazisa inkqubo yedesimali.

Ukufikelela kwi-abacuses akusekho kwiingcali okanye kootitshala bezibalo kuphela ; namhlanje zinokuthengwa ngokulula kwiivenkile ezibonakalayo okanye ezisebenzisa i-intanethi ezinikezelwe kwizixhobo zemfundo, kunye nakwiivenkile zokudlala, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuphunyezwa kwazo nakweyiphi na iziko lemfundo okanye nasekhaya.

Iingenelo zokusebenzisa i-abacus kwimfundo yabantwana abancinci nakwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi

Ixabiso eliphambili lemfundo le-abacus lisekukwazini kwayo ukwenza iingcamango zezibalo ezingabonakaliyo zibonakale kwaye iphuhlise izakhono zokuqonda ezibanzi. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaxhasa ukusebenza kwayo, zigxininisa ngakumbi ezi zibonelelo zilandelayo:

• Iphucula ukuqonda inkqubo yesimo: Ukulawula iintsimbi kunye neentonga kunceda abafundi ukuba baqonde ngokucacileyo nangokucacileyo ixabiso lenombolo nganye ngokwendawo yayo ngaphakathi kwenani.
• Khuthaza ukubala ngengqondo: Ngokusebenzisa i-abacus, abantwana baphuhlisa ubuchule babo bengqondo kunye nokuguquguquka ekusebenzeni kokudibanisa, ukuthabatha, ukwahlulahlula kunye nokwakha amanani.
• Uphuhlisa izakhono zokuqonda zehlabathi: I-abacus iphucula ukugxilisa ingqondo, inkumbulo yokubona, ukuqiqa, kunye nezakhono zokuqiqa ezinengqondo.
• Ikhuthaza ukulungelelaniswa kwemisipha kakuhle: Isenzo esilula sokusebenzisa iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo kwi-abacus siqinisa ubuchule bokusebenzisa izandla kunye nokulungelelanisa isandla namehlo, izakhono ezibalulekileyo ebuntwaneni.
• Ikhuthaza ibhalansi phakathi kwe-hemispheres yobuchopho zombini: Ngokusebenza kwi-numeral logic (left hemisphere) kunye ne-visualizing kunye nobuchule (ekunene), i-abacus inika amava apheleleyo nadibeneyo.
• Inegalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwengcinga yezibalo: Ukuziqhelanisa ne-abacus kukuvumela ukuba ufumane iingcamango ezinje ngokuba konke/akukho nto, ekhohlo/ekunene, indibaniselwano, ukulingana, ubukhulu kunye nomlinganiselo.

Iingcali kunye neenkqubo ezizodwa, ezifana nezo zivela kwi-UCMAS Spain kunye ne-Educación 3.0 , ziqinisekisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwe-abacus kunempembelelo enkulu kwizakhono ezinje ngokuyila, ingqalelo yokukhetha, inkumbulo yokufota, kunye nokugxila okuqhubekayo. Ngaphezu koko, imisebenzi kunye neeworkshops ziye zaphunyezwa kwizikolo ezahlukeneyo zaseSpain, kubandakanya iPaco Rabal Public School eGuadalajara, iSanta Ana School, kunye nenkqubo yeKidsBrain, ekhoyo kwizikolo ezingamakhulu.

Kubudala obungakanani kufanelekile ukuqalisa i-abacus?

Intshayelelo yokusetyenziswa kwe-abacus inokwenzeka kwiMfundo yoBuntwana baBasaqalayo , rhoqo ngokwembono yokudlala, kusetyenziswa i-abacus njengesixhobo sokulinga, ukudlala ngeengcamango zobuninzi, konke/akukho nto, imibala, ekunene/ekhohlo, kunye nokunxulumanisa amanani okuqala ngokubonakalayo.

Nangona kunjalo, kukwinqanaba leMfundo yamabanga aphantsi—ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-6-7 ubudala—xa i-abacus ityhila amandla ayo apheleleyo , kuba kulapho abantwana bafikelela khona kwinkqubo yamanani edesimali baze bajongane nemisebenzi yokuqala yezibalo ngenqanaba eliphezulu lokutsalwa kwezinto.

Izicelo ezisebenzayo kunye nemisebenzi yemfundo ene-abacuses

I-abacus ayisosixhobo sokufunda ukongeza nokuthabatha kuphela . Iye yaba sisixhobo esisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi kwimisebenzi emininzi esebenzayo, yonke ijolise ekuhlanganiseni ukufundwa kweengcamango zezibalo kunye nokuphucula izakhono zokuqonda kunye nezakhono zokunyakaza.

Iindlela eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwezemfundo

• Ukuqonda inkqubo yedesimali kunye nexabiso lendawo: Indawo yentsimbi kwintonga ethile isenza sikwazi ukubonisa ngokucacileyo indlela inani elifanayo elitshintsha ngayo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo elibekwe kuyo, nto leyo ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni ubukhulu bamanani.
• Cazulula kwaye ubhale amanani: Ngokudlala nge-abacus, abantwana banokubona ngokwasemzimbeni indlela elakhiwa ngayo inani ngokubeka iiyunithi zibe ngamashumi, amakhulu, njl.njl.
• Yenza imisebenzi esisiseko: Ikuvumela ukuba uziqhelanise nokudibanisa nokuthabatha ngendlela eqondakalayo nebonakalayo, kwaye kumanqanaba aphambili, ukuphindaphinda nokwahlulahlula.
• Ukumela iinkqubo zokubala ngengqondo: Njengoko usiba nobuchule ngakumbi, i-abacus iba yinkxaso yokubala ngengqondo kunye nokusombulula iingxaki ngempumelelo.
• Ukubonisa amanani edesimali kunye nokuqalisa kwi-combinatorics: Esi sixhobo sikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokulinganisa, ukwahlulahlula, kunye nemisebenzi yokudibanisa izinto ezincinci ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lweeakhawunti.

Imizekelo esebenzayo yemisebenzi ene-abacus eklasini

• Ukumela amanani kwi-abacus: Utitshala ucela abafundi ukuba benze, umzekelo, inani 57: iibhile ezisixhenxe kumqolo weeyunithi kunye nesihlanu kumqolo weshumi. Iidayisi, iibhola zebingo, okanye ezinye izinto zingasetyenziselwa ukongeza iintlobo ngeentlobo nokukhuthaza umdlalo.
• Ukuqonda amanani asele enziwe: Abafundi bajonga umfanekiso kunye ne-abacus kwaye kufuneka babhale inani abalibonayo, okanye ngokuchaseneyo: bayaliva inani baze balimele ngokushukumisa amaso afunekayo.
• Chonga inani elingaphambi okanye emva kwenani elinikiweyo: Iluncedo kakhulu ekuqiniseni ingqiqo yocwangco nobungakanani, kunye nokusebenza ngeengcamango "ezingaphezulu kune", "ezingaphantsi kune", okanye ukuqonda umahluko xa kulungiswa izikhundla kunye namaxabiso.
• Hlalutya amanani abe zizinto ezongezelelweyo: Umzekelo, abafundi banokucelwa ukuba benze iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlulahlula i-10 besebenzisa amanani, ngaloo ndlela bephuhlisa ukuqonda kokudibanisa nokuthabatha.
• Izicelo zokudlala: Ungadlala 'i-number bingo' usebenzisa i-abacus ukumela amanani aphumeleleyo, okanye ude wenze imingeni emincinci yesantya sokubala kunye nememori.

Uphando kunye nezifundo malunga nempembelelo yemfundo ye-abacus

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-abacus ekuphuculeni izakhono zezibalo kuye kwaxhaswa zizifundo ezininzi ezaziwayo. Umzekelo, umsebenzi womphandi u-K. Vasuki, onesihloko esithi "Impact of Learning Mental Arithmetic with an Abacus on Children's Cognitive Abilities," ubonise indlela abafundi abasebenza ngokucwangcisiweyo ne-abacus abaphuhlisa ngayo ingqalelo, ukuguquguquka kwengqondo, ukubala ngengqondo, kunye nenkumbulo yokubona ngokukhawuleza xa kuthelekiswa nabo basebenzisa iindlela zemveli.

ESpain, iiyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kunye namaziko kawonke-wonke nawo enze uphando oluthelekisayo phakathi kwabafundi abasebenzisa i-abacus kunye nabo bangasebenzisiyo, nto leyo efumanise umahluko obonakalayo ekuphuhlisweni kwezakhono zokujonga, amandla okugxila kunye nezakhono zokusombulula iingxaki.