INTRODUCCIÓN
Ukuba sifuna ukutshintsha ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga okanye ukufundisa into entshaInto yokuqala ekufuneka siyenze kukuyibona ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuze senze oku, kufuneka siyichaze ngamagama athile afuna ukutolikwa okuncinci; oko kukuthi, ngokucacileyo, ukuze ibonwe (ilinganiswe kwaye irekhodwe) ngabantu abahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokucinga okanye uvavanyo olusekelwe kwimbono yabo.
Singahlalutya nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha ngale ndlela ilandelayo
Ukukhuthaza ⇒ Ukuziphatha ⇒ Isiphumo
Indlela esiziphatha ngayo ixhomekeke kwimiphumo esiyifumanayo kuyo. Sisebenzisa le ndlela ukuze sifumane iziphumo ezilungileyo nezimnandi kwaye siphephe iziphumo ezimbi okanye ezingathandekiyo. Siza kuphinda iindlela zokuziphatha ezilandelwa ngumvuzo kwaye asizukuphinda ezo zinganiki miphumo mihle. Ngenxa yoko, naluphi na umzamo wokususa okanye ukunciphisa indlela yokuziphatha engavuzi ngaxeshanye iindlela zokuziphatha ezingahambelaniyo uza kusilela. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwendlela yokuziphatha kunye nemiphumo yayo, iintlobo zemiphumo, kunye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukufundisa okusebenzayo.
Iziphumo zinokuba zintle okanye zibe zimbi. Iziphumo kulungile Ezi zizenzo ezithi, xa zisetyenziswa emva nje kokuziphatha, zinyuse ukuphindaphinda kwazo. Zingabandakanya imisebenzi; imidlalo kunye nezinto zokudlala; ingqalelo, indumiso, uncumo, ukutya okanye iziselo azithandayo umntu; njl. Ngokubanzi, xa umntu efumana iziphumo ezilungileyo, uziva ethandwa kwaye ukuzithemba kwakhe kuyakhula.
Iziphumo engalunganga Ezi ziziphumo ezithi, xa zisetyenziswa ngoko nangoko emva kokuziphatha okuthile, zinciphise okanye ziphelise ukwenzeka kwaloo ndlela yokuziphatha. Ezi ziphumo (ukulahlekelwa yingqwalasela, ukususwa kwezinto zokudlala abazithandayo, "ukungayi echibini lokubhukuda—abazithandayo—", "ukungayi kwiimuvi", njl.njl.) mazisoloko zisetyenziswa kuqala, kwaye isohlwayo masisetyenziswe kuphela kwiimeko eziyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo.
Makhe sibone umzekelo: “Ngokutsho kwabazali bakhe, uGonzalo ngumntwana onzima. Xa besetafileni, uyathuka, kwaye okukhona bemnyanzela ukuba athule, kokukhona ethuka, kokukhona ethuka ixesha elide, kwaye kokukhona ethuka kakhulu. Abazali bakhe bagqiba kwelokuba ngalo lonke ixesha uGonzalo ethuka, baya kumfulathela baze bamnike ingqalelo kuphela xa eyeka. UGonzalo uyaqhubeka nokuthuka iintsuku ezimbalwa, kodwa emva koko uyayeka.”
Iindlela ezichazwe ngezantsi zisekelwe kwimigaqo Ukuguqulwa kokuziphathaEli candelo lezengqondo, elisekelwe kuphando olucwangcisiweyo lokufunda kwezilwanyana, linikele ngeendlela ezininzi ezisebenzayo zokuseka, ukulungisa, okanye ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha ebantwaneni nakubantu abancinci. Ezi ndlela zisetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, kwiimeko, nakubantu abahlukeneyo, kuquka uluntu ngokubanzi kunye nabo baneengxaki ezinkulu.
Ukurhoxiswa koNyango
Ndikholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba yenye yezona iindlela ezisebenzayo ngakumbi zokulawula ukuziphatha kwabantwana, ingakumbi kwezo ndlela zokuziphatha ezizibonakalisa ngokuba nomsindo, ukudinwa, ukukhala, kodwa ngaphandle kweempawu ezirhabaxa.
Le ndlela ayinakuba lula kakhulu ekuyiqondeni: Imalunga, xa ujongene neempawu zokukhwaza, umsindo okanye ezinye izinto, ukuyeka ngokuzenzekelayo ukumkhathalela umntwana. Le ndlela yokwenza izinto iyathetheleleka phantsi kwengcamango Umntwana usenokuba ubonakalisa ukuziphatha okunjalo ukuze aqinisekise iimfuno ezithile okanye ukutsala ingqalelo yomntu omdala. Umntwana usenokuba uqhele ukufumana into ayifunayo ngale ndlela yokuziphatha (ukuqinisa okuhle). Ngoko ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufundile ukuba ukuba wenza nasiphi na isicelo esihamba nokukhala okanye umsindo, ingqalelo yabazali bakhe inkulu kakhulu kwaye izicelo zabo ziyahlangatyezwa ngokukhawuleza. Oku kungaba ngumkhwa, umjikelo ombi odala uxinzelelo kusapho.
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le ndlela, kubalulekile hlalutya imeko ngoxolo kwaye siqinisekise ukuba ukuziphatha komntwana ngokwenene kukuphendula kwisidingo esibonakalayo sokuhoywa. Ukuze senze oku, singavavanya indlela esisabela ngayo kwimfuno, xa yenzeka, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni. Ngaba simnika umntwana ingqalelo nexesha alidingayo? Ngaba sihlala sinikezela kwizicelo zakhe? Ngaba sithetha naye rhoqo xa eziphatha "kakuhle" ukuze simncome kwaye simvuze, okanye kuphela xa simjezisa? Iziganeko zokucaphuka, ukungathobeli, njl.njl., zifundwa kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko, sinokuziyeka.
Obu buchule Ayisebenzi kwiindlela zokuziphatha ezibandakanya ubundlobongela obunamandla. Ukuxhatshazwa ngamazwi okanye ngokwasemzimbeni, kuquka iziganeko zokuphosa izinto, okanye, ngokubanzi, nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha enokuba yingozi emntwaneni okanye kwabanye. Kwezi meko, soloko uqhagamshelana nengcali ngaphambi kokuba uthathe inyathelo.
Ukuze sisebenzise le ndlela, kufuneka sicacelwe ziinjongo kunye nendlela esifanele siyisebenzise:
1. INJONGO: Fundisa umntwana ukuba ukwenza izicelo ngendlela engafanelekanga (ukucaphuka, ukukhala, njl.njl.) akuyi kumnceda nganto.
2. INDLELA: Ukuba siyayirhoxisa ingqalelo esiyinika umntwana (ukumkhuthaza) ngoko nangoko emva kokuba iimpendulo ezingafanelekanga zivele, ezi mpendulo ziya kuphela.
3. IFOMU: Ifanele yenziwe njani?
Xa kuvela ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga, yenza ngale ndlela ilandelayo:
1. Susa ingqalelo ngoko nangoko.
Kuphephe ukujongana emehlweni okanye ukwenza naziphi na iintetho, amazwi, okanye izenzo ezihlazisayo. ngokungathi loo ndlela yokuziphatha ayenzeki (ngaphandle kweendlela zokuziphatha ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla ezinokuba yingozi kumntwana okanye kwabanye). Ukuba kwenzeka ekhaya Ingayijika okanye iphume kwigumbi okanye kwindawo ekuyo. iimeko ezingaphandle kwekhaya, Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo esikuyo, kuya kufuneka sizivumelanise neemeko. Umgaqo oqhelekileyo kukugcina umgama othile ngaphandle kokunaka, kodwa oku kuya kuxhomekeka ekubeni sikwindawo evulekileyo enengozi enokubakho kumntwana (iindlela, abantu abaninzi abadlulayo, njl.njl.) okanye ukuba sikwindawo evalekileyo (ivenkile, ivenkile enkulu, njl.njl.). Ukuba umsindo uvela kwindawo kawonke-wonke apho ungakwazi ukuzahlula ngokwasemzimbeni kumntwana wakho, hlala ecaleni kwakhe kodwa uqhubeke nokurhoxisa ingqalelo yakho njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili (kuphephe ukujongana emehlweni, ukungabonisi zimpawu zomzimba, ukungathethi).
Kubantwana abancinci, Ukuba kukho umngcipheko wokuba umntwana abaleke aze abe kwindawo kawonke-wonke, kusenokufuneka ukuba umbambe ngokwasemzimbeni. Kwezi meko, ukuba ukhetha ukumbamba, gxila ekusebenziseni amandla afunekayo ukuthintela ukubaleka kwakhe, kodwa uhlale uzolile kangangoko unako (nangona ndiqonda ukuba yimeko enzima). Kubalulekile ukuba umntwana angamboni umntu omdala ekhathazekile ngokweemvakalelo. Kufuneka sibonise ingqiqo yokuba silawula imeko kwaye ukuziphatha kwakhe akuyi kumsa ndawo. Qhubeka ungathethi nomntwana kwaye ulinde imeko ithomalale. Nika umntwana ingqalelo yakho epheleleyo xa sele ethobile.
Ukanye xa kuzolile Ungazama ukumcacisela (ukuba umntwana uyaqonda ngokwaneleyo amazwi akhe), kwaye ngaphandle kokumgxeka, okwenzekileyo ngelizwi elizolileyo.
Ingcamango ayikokuthi: "Uziphethe kakubi, ndiyakucaphukela kwaye ndigqibile ngawe," kodwa kunoko: "Ungafezekisa ezinye izinto ukuba uzicela ngendlela eyahlukileyo."
2. Ngaba ayichaswanga ngokupheleleyo Ukumgxeka, ukumthethisa, okanye ukumlumkisa ukuba asizukummamela nokuba ugxininisa kangakanani na akuncedi nganto. Oku kumcenga ukuba athethe kwaye kunokwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi. Kalula nje: Musa ukuthetha nto. Nangona kunjalo, ungamxelela ngokufutshane nangelizwi elizolileyo ukuba uzive udanile kwaye udanile…
3. Xa ukuziphatha kuqala ukwehla, ungaphinda uyiqwalasele kancinci kancinci.
4. Le ndlela ivelisa uphuculo oluthe ngcembe. Kuya kuthatha ixesha elithile (kuxhomekeke kwiimeko zomntwana ngamnye kunye nendawo akuyo) ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo ezicacileyo.
Khumbula ukuba:
1- Sisebenzisa Iindlela zokunceda abantwana bayeke imikhwa emibi Kwaye le nkqubo iza kuthatha ixesha. Kwangaxeshanye, kufuneka sisebenzele ekuqiniseni iindlela zokuziphatha ezahlukeneyo esifuna umntwana azisebenzise. Sigxininisa ukuba abazali mabazame ukuhlala bezolile, njengoko umntwana eziva ezi meko zeemvakalelo. Ukuba impendulo ekuziphatheni kwabo kakubi ingxolo engaphezulu kunye nokukhalinyelwa okungafanelekanga, kusenokwenzeka ukuba oku kuya kubuya kusikhathaze njengoko umntwana eziva ezi ndlela.
2- Simele singaguquguquki ekusebenziseni le ndlela kwaye sihambelane nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.Ukuze oku kwenzeke, kuyimfuneko ukuba abazali kunye nabanye abantu ababalulekileyo kumntwana (ootatomkhulu noomakhulu, oomalume, njl.njl.) benze ngendlela efanayo xa bejamelene nokuziphatha okufanayo.
3- Ekuqaleni kokusetyenziswa kwazo, ezi ndlela zihlala zivelisa ukwanda kokuphindaphindeka kunye nobukhali beendlela zokuziphatha esizama ukuzisusa.Oku kuqhelekile kwaye kubonisa ukuba sikwindlela elungileyo. Musa ukudimazeka emva kokuphazamiseka kokuqala. Siza kufuna ixesha.
Kutheni kufuneka senze into ethile:
Kukho inkolelo ebanzi yokuba ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha zobuntwana ziqhelekile kwiminyaka yabo kwaye zihlala ziphela ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona oku kunokwenzeka kwiimeko ezininzi, kuyingozi kakhulu ukungawunaki ezinye iindlela zokuziphatha ngethemba lokuba ixesha liza kuzenza zibe ngcono. Ukungenelela ebuntwaneni, ukuba akwenziwanga ngexesha, kunokukhokelela ekuqinisweni, ekuqhubekeni, nasekubeni mandundu kwengxaki kulutsha. Imigaqo, amaxabiso, kunye nemizekelo yabantu kufuneka imiselwe kwasebuntwaneni. Akunaxanduva ukushiyela oku kwixesha elizayo ukuze kuthintelwe iindleko zangoku.
Imithombo:
- ZQUIERDO, A. (1988): Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela kunye neendlela kunyango lokuziphatha, Promolibro.
- KOZLOFF, MA (1980): Ukufunda nokuziphatha ebuntwaneni. Iingxaki kunye nonyango, Fontanella.
- UMARTOS, J. (1984): Abazali bakwafundisa: isikhokelo esisebenzayo, i-APNA.
- RIBES, E. (1972): Iindlela zokuguqula indlela yokuziphatha. Ukusetyenziswa kwazo ekulibazisekeni kophuhliso, eTrillas, eMexico.