Indlela Yokufunda Esekelwe Kuphrojekthi: Kuyini, isebenza kanjani, kanye nezibonelo ezisebenzayo

Imfundo ithuthuka ngesivinini esikhulu, futhi namuhla enye yezindlela ezinamandla kakhulu, eziqashelwayo, nezixoxwa ngazo yi-Project-Based Learning (PBL). Noma ubani oke wangena ekilasini muva nje uzwe nge-PBL, kungaba njengoguquko lwendlela, imfashini, ikhambi eliyisimangaliso, noma ngisho naleyo ndlela ebonakala inzima ukuyisebenzisa ngempumelelo. Futhi ngesizathu esihle, ngoba i-PBL iguqula indlela esifunda, esifundisayo, nesihlola ngayo.

Kuyini Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi?

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi ( i-PBL ) kuyindlela yokufundisa esebenzayo egxile ekufundeni ngezandla ngokusebenzisa kanye nokuxazululwa kwamaphrojekthi anenjongo, angokoqobo. Ngokungafani nendlela yokufunda enengqondo neqondakalayo yezindlela zendabuko, i-PBL ibeka umfundi phakathi nenqubo yokufunda , imnike amandla okuhola ocwaningweni, ekuxazululeni izinkinga, kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo yokugcina.

Ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (i-PBL) kuhlose ukusuka ekubambeni ngekhanda kanye nezivivinyo ezithembele kuphela ekubambeni ngekhanda. Lapha, abafundi bahlanganyela ngenkuthalo, babuze, bahlele, baphenye, futhi bakhe ulwazi, bathuthukise amakhono abo okuqonda, omuntu siqu, kanye nomphakathi. Eqinisweni, konke lokhu kusekelwe ekuletheni inselele noma inkinga exhumene nokuphila kwangempela , futhi ehilela uchungechunge lwezigaba ezisukela ekwakhiweni kokuqala kuya ekwethulweni nasekuxoxweni ngomkhiqizo wokugcina.

Konke mayelana ne-Windows 11 Education: izinguqulo, izinzuzo kanye nomehluko wezikhungo zemfundo kanye nabafundi

Umlando omfushane kanye nokuvela kwe-PBL

Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) kunezimpande ezijulile kumbono wezemfundo, ikakhulukazi endleleni yokuhlangenwe nakho eyakhuthazwa uJohn Dewey ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. UDewey waphikisana ngokuthi ukufunda kutholakala kangcono ngokwenza, nokuthi imfundo kufanele ikhuthaze okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela . Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, uWilliam Heard Kilpatrick wasakaza lo mqondo emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Project Method," wawudlulisela ezikoleni zezakhiwo, futhi kamuva waba ubunjiniyela kanye neminye imikhakha, kokubili eYurophu naseMelika.

Kuyini i-Scratch: umhlahlandlela ophelele wolimi lokuhlela olubonakalayo lokufunda ngokudala

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-PBL ihlanganiswe nezinhlelo zemfundo ezahlukene futhi yanwetshwa ezigabeni ezahlukene zemfundo , kusukela emfundweni yezingane zakuqala kuya eyunivesithi kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwemisebenzi. Le ndlela yathola umfutho omusha ngawo-1960 kanye nawo-70, futhi ngokuvela kobuchwepheshe bedijithali kanye nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, intshisekelo ku-PBL iqhubekile nokukhula, okwenza ibhekwe njengenye yamamodeli athembisayo kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21.

Yini ngempela equkethwe indlela ye-ABP?

Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (i-PBL) kuyindlela yokuhlela ukufunda okuzungeze iphrojekthi efanele nengokoqobo , lapho abafundi kumele bacwaninge, baqoqe ulwazi, baklame imikhiqizo, benze izinqumo, bese ekugcineni bethula imiphumela.

I-Google for Education: Kuyini, kusebenza kanjani, nokuthi ungakusebenzisa kanjani ezikhungweni zemfundo

Indima yothisha iguqulwa kakhulu ku-PBL: abasabi yibo bodwa abadlulisela ulwazi futhi baba umhlahlandlela, umgqugquzeli, kanye nomklami wezinto zokufunda. Uthisha ubeka inselele, ahambisane nezinqubo, futhi ahlinzeke ngezinsiza, ukwesekwa, kanye nempendulo, kodwa ngabafundi abathatha umthwalo wemfanelo wokucwaninga, ukuhlela, nokwakha umkhiqizo wokugcina.

Ngokuvamile, ukuguquguquka kwephrojekthi ye-PBL kufaka phakathi:

• Ukubuza umbuzo, inselele, noma inkinga yangempela: lokho kuxhumana nezinto abafundi abazithandayo kanye nendawo abakuyo, futhi lokho akunampendulo eyodwa.
• Isigaba socwaningo nokuhlaziya: Abafundi bafuna imithombo ehlukene yolwazi, baxoxisane, baqhathanise imibono futhi benze izinqumo besebenzisa ukucabanga okujulile.
• Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Kungaba umbiko, imodeli, isethulo, idokhumentari, umhlahlandlela, ividiyo, noma ngisho nomkhankaso wokuqwashisa. Into ebalulekile ukuthi umphumela udlula iklasi futhi wethulwa ezilalelini, zangempela noma ezilingiswayo.
• Inqubo yokuhlola eqhubekayo: Indlela ihlolwa kokubili enkambisweni kanye nasempumelelweni, futhi ingafaka ukuzihlola, ukuhlolwa kontanga, ukusetshenziswa kwamarubrikhi, kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (iphothifoliyo, idayari, izethulo…).

I-DeepSeek Kwezemfundo: Ukusetshenziswa, Ukuqhathanisa, kanye Namathiphu Awusizo Ekilasini

Izici kanye nezinto ezibalulekile ze-PBL

Ukuze iphrojekthi ibhekwe njenge-PBL hhayi nje uchungechunge lwemisebenzi exhunyiwe, kumele ihlangabezane nezici ezithile eziyisisekelo :

• Ubuqili babafundi: Abafundi ngokwabo banesibopho esiqondile sokucwaninga, ukunquma, ukuthuthukisa, kanye nokwethula ukufunda kwabo. Umfundi ufunda ngokwenza.
• Umongo oyiqiniso: Le phrojekthi ixhunyaniswe nezimo zangempela zangaphandle kwegumbi lokufundela, okusondeza isikole noma isikhungo sokuqeqesha empilweni kanye nezinkinga zekhulu lama-21.
• Umsebenzi wokubambisana: Ukusebenzisana kubalulekile, kuthuthukisa amakhono okuxhumana nabantu, ukuxoxisana, ukubambisana emsebenzini kanye nokuxhumana.
• Ukucabanga okubucayi kanye nobuciko: Umgomo uwukuba inselele noma umbuzo udinga ukuhlaziywa, ukufuna ezinye izindlela, ukudala izixazululo, kanye nokuqinisekisa izinqumo.
• Ucwaningo oluqondiswayo: Abafundi kufanele basebenzise imithombo ehlukene, bakhethe ulwazi olusebenzayo, futhi bakhe ulwazi ngokubuza imibuzo.
• Umkhiqizo wokugcina womphakathi: Umphumela walo msebenzi wethulwa kwabanye abafundi, isikole, imindeni, noma ngisho nomphakathi, okwengeza ubuqiniso kanye nenselele ekufundeni.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo nokwangempela: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuyaziswa, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi afana namarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo edijithali, amadayari okufunda, imibuzo kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga.

Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zokufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi

Ucwaningo lwezemfundo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwasekilasini okuvela emhlabeni wonke kukhombe izinzuzo eziningi ezihlobene ne-PBL :

• Kuthuthukisa ugqozi kanye nokuzibophezela yabafundi, njengoba besebenza ngezihloko ezibathakazelisayo futhi ezinomthelela wangempela.
• Thuthukisa amakhono abalulekile kanye namakhonoUkucabanga okujulile, ubuhlakani, ukubambisana, ukuxhumana, ukuphathwa kwesikhathi, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukwenza izinqumo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali.
• Kuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kolwazi futhi ikhuthaza ukufunda okunenjongo, ixhumanisa ithiyori nomkhuba.
• Kukhuthaza ukuzethemba ngokuvumela abafundi ukuthi babone izithelo zomsebenzi wabo futhi babelane ngazo nabanye, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwekilasi.
• Ikulungiselela umhlaba wokusebenza kanye nokuphila kwangempela, lapho ubhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho kudingeka khona ukuphenya, ukuhlela nokwethula izixazululo.
• Kukhuthaza ukubandakanywa kanye nokunaka ukuhlukahluka, okwenza kube lula ngomfundi ngamunye ukufaka isandla ngokwamakhono akhe, izinto azithandayo kanye nesivinini sokufunda.
• Kukhulisa ukwaneliseka ngokufunda. futhi kuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwencazelo yalokho okufundwayo ekilasini.

Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kwezemfundo: Izindlela, Izibonelo Nekusasa Lokufundisa

Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okungenzeka kwe-PBL: Ingabe konke lokho kukhazimula ngegolide?

Imodeli ye-PBL inabasekeli abaningi abagqamisa izinzuzo zayo ekuthuthukiseni amakhono, ukwandisa ugqozi, ukucebisa ulwazi olusebenzayo, kanye nokuvula ukufunda ezweni langempela. Kodwa-ke, kukhona namazwi agxekayo kanye nezinkinga ezithile ezivamile zokusebenzisa:

• Ukuqaliswa okuyinkimbinkimbi: Ukuklama nokuhlela amaphrojekthi anenjongo ngempela kudinga umzamo omkhulu kothisha. Lokhu kwandiswa yisidingo sokuqeqeshwa nokusekelwa ukuze kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo indlela yokusebenza.
• Ingozi yokugcwala noma ukuntuleka kokugxila: Bobabili abafundi nothisha bangazizwa bekhungathekile uma amaphrojekthi eba made kakhulu, engacacile, noma uma kungekho ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo nezifundo.
• Izinselele ekuhlolweni: Ukulinganisa ukufunda kwamakhono, hhayi ulwazi nje kuphela, kudinga amathuluzi okuhlola ahlukile kanye nendlela yokucabanga ehlukile kuneyendabuko.
• Ibhalansi phakathi kwamakhono nokuqukethwe: Enye yezingxoxo ezivame kakhulu ukuthi kungavinjelwa kanjani ukubekwa phambili kwamakhono ekuholeleni ekulahlekelweni kolwazi olubalulekile lokuqondisa.
• Izinto kanye nezimo zesikhathi: Kwezinye izimo, ukwakheka kwekilasi, izilinganiso zabafundi nothisha, noma ukuhlelwa kwesikole kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-PBL ngempumelelo.
• Umthelela emiphumeleni yezemfundo: imibiko evelele yamazwe ngamazwe, efana PisaBaveza ukuthi ukusungula izindlela ezintsha noma ubuchwepheshe bedijithali, ngokwako, akuholelanga ekuthuthukisweni okuqondile ekusebenzeni kwezemfundo, ikakhulukazi kwizibalo nesayensi. Umongo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezindlela, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezifundo kusalokhu kuyizinto ezibalulekile.

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi i-PBL isetshenziswe ngokuguquguquka nokuqonda okuvamile, nokuthi ihlanganiswe ngobuhlakani nezinye izindlela (njengezinkulumo, izifundo zamacala, kanye nocwaningo oluqondisiwe) , ukuze kuzuzwe okungcono kakhulu kwendlela ngayinye futhi kugwenywe ukuwela ogibeni lwemikhuba engaqinile.

Izidingo kanye nezihluthulelo zokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwe-PBL

Ukuze i-PBL isebenze futhi ingahlali iyisimo sokulingisa esingaphezu kwamandla , kubalulekile ukucabangela ezinye izici ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwayo:

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Las ICT Bangaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana, kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuyahlolwa, kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele, amakhono athuthukisiwe, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-PBL nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo: indaba yokufunda okusekelwe enkingeni

Kuvamile ukuthola ukudideka phakathi kwe-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi) kanye ne-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuzinkinga) . Nakuba zabelana ngengqikithi futhi zivame ukufana ekusebenzeni, kunezimo ezicashile kodwa ezifanele:

• I-PBL igxile ekuxazululeni inkinga ethile yesikhathi esilinganiselwe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-PBL ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ebanzi kakhulu ephetha ngomkhiqizo wokugcina obonakalayo.
• Ku-PBL, inhloso inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokucabanga.Kanti ku-PBL inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina, onemiphumela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
• I-PBL ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, isayensi, noma ubunjiniyelalapho amacala ezokwelapha noma ezobuchwepheshe evumela ukwakheka kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nokuhlolwa.
• Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) ngokuvamile kufuna umkhiqizo ongadluliselwa, umsebenzi, umcimbi, isiphakamiso sokuthuthukisa, noma umkhankaso wokuqwashisa..

Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izikhungo eziningi zemfundo zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela, zivumelanisa ukulandelana kanye nezici nezinhloso kanye nezinsiza zomongo.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi e-PBL angempela kanye nesigaba semfundo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke okungenhla kungahunyushwa kanjani kube ngokoqobo, akukho okufana nokubona izibonelo ezingokoqobo, eziwusizo kusukela esigabeni seMfundo Yasebuntwaneni kuya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi:

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yasebuntwaneni (iminyaka engu-3-6)

• Umhlahlandlela Wezilwane ZasedolobheniAbafundi bahlola ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eduze, baqoqa ulwazi ngokubuza ekhaya noma kothisha, badwebe izilwane, bakhe umhlahlandlela omncane onezithombe bese bewunikeza imindeni yabo. Bheka isibonelo ku-Wikipedia

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yamabanga Aphansi (iminyaka engu-6-12)

• Ukuklanywa kabusha kwenkundla yokudlala yesikoleKusukela ekubukeni kwegceke, amaqembu ahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwalo, athole intuthuko engaba khona, afune ulwazi ngamagceke aluhlaza, aklame uhlelo lwesilinganiso njengeqembu futhi alungiselele isabelomali kanye nokuzivikela ngomlomo abakwethula eqenjini labaphathi. Isibonelo esinemininingwane
• Uphenyo ngokungcoliswa komfula oseduzeNgemva kokwethula umbiko wezindaba olinganisa ukungcoliswa komfula, amaqembu aphenya izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso, elungiselela imibiko kanye nezethulo 'kuMkhandlu Wedolobha'.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yesibili Ephoqelekile (iminyaka engu-12-16 ubudala)

• Ukudalwa kwebhizinisi lomphakathi elingelona iqinisoAbafundi bahlaziya indawo abakuyo, bathole inkinga yangempela endaweni, baphakamise ikhambi lebhizinisi, baklame imodeli yebhizinisi, bese begcina bethule iphrojekthi eqenjini labahluleli nothisha.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamanani amanzi asemabhodleleni: Ngocwaningo kanye nengxoxo yezihloko zangempela, iqembu liphenya ngezomnotho, uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo yamanzi asemabhodleleni, lihlela izingxoxo ezihlelekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhaliwe.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Esikoleni Samabanga Aphezulu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwemisebenzi

• Uhlelo lwemfundo yezempiloEmijikelezweni yokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, abafundi baklama uhlelo lwemfundo ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lweziguli zasesikhungweni, bathuthukise izinto zokwakha, balungiselele izethulo futhi bahlele umcimbi olingiswayo nabahlanganyeli abangaphandle kweqembu labo.
• Ukulingisa icala lezokwelapha: Abafundi abaqeqeshwayo emisebenzini ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo baxazulula ukulandelana kokuxilonga, bathuthukise izindlela zokuhlola futhi bavikele isiphakamiso sabo sezokwelapha phambi kothisha neqembu.

Ukuhlolwa ku-PBL: Ngale Kwezivivinyo Zendabuko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PBL yindlela yokufunda ehlolwa ngayo . Esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe zendabuko, i-PBL isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile nezibanzi, njenge:

• Sula amarubrikhi kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza kubonakale izindlela zokukhetha kanye namazinga ekhwalithi alindelekile kokubili inqubo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Ukuzihlola kanye nokuhlolwa kontangalapho abafundi ngokwabo kanye nontanga yabo behlola ukubamba iqhaza, iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu, kanye nezinselele ezinqotshiwe.
• Amajenali okufunda kanye namaphothifoliyo edijithali, ukuqoqa imicabango, imikhiqizo ephakathi, ubunzima kanye nempumelelo kulo lonke iphrojekthi.
• Izethulo zomlomo kanye nokuzivikela kwephrojekthiokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana abalulekile, ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono, kanye nokwamukelwa kwempendulo evela kubabukeli uqobo.
• Ukubuka okuqondile kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (ama-prototype, amavidiyo, imibiko, imikhankaso yedijithali…)

Konke lokhu kuhilela ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokugcina kuphela kuya ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo , okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa kuyo yonke inqubo.

I-PBL ihlangana kanjani nezinye izindlela?

Ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (PBL) kuyaguquguquka kakhulu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelele kakhulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa noma ukushintshanisa izigaba zokwethula okungokwemfundiso, izifundo zamacala, amakilasi aguquliwe, ukulingisa, noma izingxoxo eziqondisiwe . Kuvamile futhi ukukuhlanganisa nalokhu:

• Ukumaketha: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omdlalo kanye nezinselele ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi
• ikilasi eliphendukileIzinsiza kanye nezincazelo zangaphambilini kuphakanyiswa ngaphandle kwekilasi ukuze kunikelwe isikhathi sobuso nobuso ekuthuthukisweni ngokubambisana.
• Amathuluzi e-ICT kanye nedijithali: ukubambisana ku-inthanethi, ucwaningo, i-prototype, noma ukwethula imiphumela ngobuhlakani.
• Ngisebenza ngezindawo zezifundo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube lula indlela ephelele yokuxazulula izinkinga namaphrojekthi.

Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zothisha nezikole

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ama-ICT angaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo, kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele ababhekane nazo, amakhono abawathuthukisile, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-PBL nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo: indaba yokufunda okusekelwe enkingeni

Kuvamile ukuthola ukudideka phakathi kwe-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi) kanye ne-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuzinkinga) . Nakuba zabelana ngengqikithi futhi zivame ukufana ekusebenzeni, kunezimo ezicashile kodwa ezifanele:

• I-PBL igxile ekuxazululeni inkinga ethile yesikhathi esilinganiselwe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-PBL ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ebanzi kakhulu ephetha ngomkhiqizo wokugcina obonakalayo.
• Ku-PBL, inhloso inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokucabanga.Kanti ku-PBL inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina, onemiphumela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
• I-PBL ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, isayensi, noma ubunjiniyelalapho amacala ezokwelapha noma ezobuchwepheshe evumela ukwakheka kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nokuhlolwa.
• Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) ngokuvamile kufuna umkhiqizo ongadluliselwa, umsebenzi, umcimbi, isiphakamiso sokuthuthukisa, noma umkhankaso wokuqwashisa..

Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izikhungo eziningi zemfundo zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela, zivumelanisa ukulandelana kanye nezici nezinhloso kanye nezinsiza zomongo.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi e-PBL angempela kanye nesigaba semfundo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke okungenhla kungahunyushwa kanjani kube ngokoqobo, akukho okufana nokubona izibonelo ezingokoqobo, eziwusizo kusukela esigabeni seMfundo Yasebuntwaneni kuya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi:

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yasebuntwaneni (iminyaka engu-3-6)

• Umhlahlandlela Wezilwane ZasedolobheniAbafundi bahlola ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eduze, baqoqa ulwazi ngokubuza ekhaya noma kothisha, badwebe izilwane, bakhe umhlahlandlela omncane onezithombe bese bewunikeza imindeni yabo.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yamabanga Aphansi (iminyaka engu-6-12)

• Ukuklanywa kabusha kwenkundla yokudlala yesikoleKusukela ekubukeni kwegceke, amaqembu ahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwalo, athole intuthuko engaba khona, afune ulwazi ngamagceke aluhlaza, aklame uhlelo lwesilinganiso njengeqembu futhi alungiselele isabelomali kanye nokuzivikela ngomlomo abakwethula eqenjini labaphathi.
• Uphenyo ngokungcoliswa komfula oseduzeNgemva kokwethula umbiko wezindaba olinganisa ukungcoliswa komfula, amaqembu aphenya izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso, elungiselela imibiko kanye nezethulo 'kuMkhandlu Wedolobha'.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yesibili Ephoqelekile (iminyaka engu-12-16 ubudala)

• Ukudalwa kwebhizinisi lomphakathi elingelona iqinisoAbafundi bahlaziya indawo abakuyo, bathole inkinga yangempela endaweni, baphakamise ikhambi lebhizinisi, baklame imodeli yebhizinisi, bese begcina bethule iphrojekthi eqenjini labahluleli nothisha.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamanani amanzi asemabhodleleni: Ngocwaningo kanye nengxoxo yezihloko zangempela, iqembu liphenya ngezomnotho, uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo yamanzi asemabhodleleni, lihlela izingxoxo ezihlelekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhaliwe.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Esikoleni Samabanga Aphezulu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwemisebenzi

• Uhlelo lwemfundo yezempiloEmijikelezweni yokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, abafundi baklama uhlelo lwemfundo ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lweziguli zasesikhungweni, bathuthukise izinto zokwakha, balungiselele izethulo futhi bahlele umcimbi olingiswayo nabahlanganyeli abangaphandle kweqembu labo.
• Ukulingisa icala lezokwelapha: Abafundi abaqeqeshwayo emisebenzini ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo baxazulula ukulandelana kokuxilonga, bathuthukise izindlela zokuhlola futhi bavikele isiphakamiso sabo sezokwelapha phambi kothisha neqembu.

Ukuhlolwa ku-PBL: Ngale Kwezivivinyo Zendabuko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PBL yindlela yokufunda ehlolwa ngayo . Esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe zendabuko, i-PBL isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile nezibanzi, njenge:

• Sula amarubrikhi kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza kubonakale izindlela zokukhetha kanye namazinga ekhwalithi alindelekile kokubili inqubo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Ukuzihlola kanye nokuhlolwa kontangalapho abafundi ngokwabo kanye nontanga yabo behlola ukubamba iqhaza, iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu, kanye nezinselele ezinqotshiwe.
• Amajenali okufunda kanye namaphothifoliyo edijithali, ukuqoqa imicabango, imikhiqizo ephakathi, ubunzima kanye nempumelelo kulo lonke iphrojekthi.
• Izethulo zomlomo kanye nokuzivikela kwephrojekthiokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana abalulekile, ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono, kanye nokwamukelwa kwempendulo evela kubabukeli uqobo.
• Ukubuka okuqondile kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (ama-prototype, amavidiyo, imibiko, imikhankaso yedijithali…)

Konke lokhu kuhilela ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokugcina kuphela kuya ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo , okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa kuyo yonke inqubo.

I-PBL ihlangana kanjani nezinye izindlela?

Ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (PBL) kuyaguquguquka kakhulu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelele kakhulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa noma ukushintshanisa izigaba zokwethula okungokwemfundiso, izifundo zamacala, amakilasi aguquliwe, ukulingisa, noma izingxoxo eziqondisiwe . Kuvamile futhi ukukuhlanganisa nalokhu:

• Ukumaketha: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omdlalo kanye nezinselele ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi
• ikilasi eliphendukileIzinsiza kanye nezincazelo zangaphambilini kuphakanyiswa ngaphandle kwekilasi ukuze kunikelwe isikhathi sobuso nobuso ekuthuthukisweni ngokubambisana.
• Amathuluzi e-ICT kanye nedijithali: ukubambisana ku-inthanethi, ucwaningo, i-prototype, noma ukwethula imiphumela ngobuhlakani.
• Ngisebenza ngezindawo zezifundo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube lula indlela ephelele yokuxazulula izinkinga namaphrojekthi.

Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zothisha nezikole

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ama-ICT angaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo, kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele ababhekane nazo, amakhono abawathuthukisile, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-PBL nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo: indaba yokufunda okusekelwe enkingeni

Kuvamile ukuthola ukudideka phakathi kwe-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi) kanye ne-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuzinkinga) . Nakuba zabelana ngengqikithi futhi zivame ukufana ekusebenzeni, kunezimo ezicashile kodwa ezifanele:

• I-PBL igxile ekuxazululeni inkinga ethile yesikhathi esilinganiselwe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-PBL ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ebanzi kakhulu ephetha ngomkhiqizo wokugcina obonakalayo.
• Ku-PBL, inhloso inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokucabanga.Kanti ku-PBL inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina, onemiphumela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
• I-PBL ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, isayensi, noma ubunjiniyelalapho amacala ezokwelapha noma ezobuchwepheshe evumela ukwakheka kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nokuhlolwa.
• Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) ngokuvamile kufuna umkhiqizo ongadluliselwa, umsebenzi, umcimbi, isiphakamiso sokuthuthukisa, noma umkhankaso wokuqwashisa..

Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izikhungo eziningi zemfundo zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela, zivumelanisa ukulandelana kanye nezici nezinhloso kanye nezinsiza zomongo.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi e-PBL angempela kanye nesigaba semfundo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke okungenhla kungahunyushwa kanjani kube ngokoqobo, akukho okufana nokubona izibonelo ezingokoqobo, eziwusizo kusukela esigabeni seMfundo Yasebuntwaneni kuya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi:

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yasebuntwaneni (iminyaka engu-3-6)

• Umhlahlandlela Wezilwane ZasedolobheniAbafundi bahlola ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eduze, baqoqa ulwazi ngokubuza ekhaya noma kothisha, badwebe izilwane, bakhe umhlahlandlela omncane onezithombe bese bewunikeza imindeni yabo.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yamabanga Aphansi (iminyaka engu-6-12)

• Ukuklanywa kabusha kwenkundla yokudlala yesikoleKusukela ekubukeni kwegceke, amaqembu ahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwalo, athole intuthuko engaba khona, afune ulwazi ngamagceke aluhlaza, aklame uhlelo lwesilinganiso njengeqembu futhi alungiselele isabelomali kanye nokuzivikela ngomlomo abakwethula eqenjini labaphathi.
• Uphenyo ngokungcoliswa komfula oseduzeNgemva kokwethula umbiko wezindaba olinganisa ukungcoliswa komfula, amaqembu aphenya izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso, elungiselela imibiko kanye nezethulo 'kuMkhandlu Wedolobha'.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yesibili Ephoqelekile (iminyaka engu-12-16 ubudala)

• Ukudalwa kwebhizinisi lomphakathi elingelona iqinisoAbafundi bahlaziya indawo abakuyo, bathole inkinga yangempela endaweni, baphakamise ikhambi lebhizinisi, baklame imodeli yebhizinisi, bese begcina bethule iphrojekthi eqenjini labahluleli nothisha.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamanani amanzi asemabhodleleni: Ngocwaningo kanye nengxoxo yezihloko zangempela, iqembu liphenya ngezomnotho, uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo yamanzi asemabhodleleni, lihlela izingxoxo ezihlelekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhaliwe.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Esikoleni Samabanga Aphezulu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwemisebenzi

• Uhlelo lwemfundo yezempiloEmijikelezweni yokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, abafundi baklama uhlelo lwemfundo ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lweziguli zasesikhungweni, bathuthukise izinto zokwakha, balungiselele izethulo futhi bahlele umcimbi olingiswayo nabahlanganyeli abangaphandle kweqembu labo.
• Ukulingisa icala lezokwelapha: Abafundi abaqeqeshwayo emisebenzini ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo baxazulula ukulandelana kokuxilonga, bathuthukise izindlela zokuhlola futhi bavikele isiphakamiso sabo sezokwelapha phambi kothisha neqembu.

Ukuhlolwa ku-PBL: Ngale Kwezivivinyo Zendabuko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PBL yindlela yokufunda ehlolwa ngayo . Esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe zendabuko, i-PBL isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile nezibanzi, njenge:

• Sula amarubrikhi kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza kubonakale izindlela zokukhetha kanye namazinga ekhwalithi alindelekile kokubili inqubo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Ukuzihlola kanye nokuhlolwa kontangalapho abafundi ngokwabo kanye nontanga yabo behlola ukubamba iqhaza, iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu, kanye nezinselele ezinqotshiwe.
• Amajenali okufunda kanye namaphothifoliyo edijithali, ukuqoqa imicabango, imikhiqizo ephakathi, ubunzima kanye nempumelelo kulo lonke iphrojekthi.
• Izethulo zomlomo kanye nokuzivikela kwephrojekthiokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana abalulekile, ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono, kanye nokwamukelwa kwempendulo evela kubabukeli uqobo.
• Ukubuka okuqondile kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (ama-prototype, amavidiyo, imibiko, imikhankaso yedijithali…)

Konke lokhu kuhilela ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokugcina kuphela kuya ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo , okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa kuyo yonke inqubo.

I-PBL ihlangana kanjani nezinye izindlela?

Ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (PBL) kuyaguquguquka kakhulu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelele kakhulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa noma ukushintshanisa izigaba zokwethula okungokwemfundiso, izifundo zamacala, amakilasi aguquliwe, ukulingisa, noma izingxoxo eziqondisiwe . Kuvamile futhi ukukuhlanganisa nalokhu:

• Ukumaketha: ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omdlalo kanye nezinselele ekuthuthukisweni kwephrojekthi
• ikilasi eliphendukileIzinsiza kanye nezincazelo zangaphambilini kuphakanyiswa ngaphandle kwekilasi ukuze kunikelwe isikhathi sobuso nobuso ekuthuthukisweni ngokubambisana.
• Amathuluzi e-ICT kanye nedijithali: ukubambisana ku-inthanethi, ucwaningo, i-prototype, noma ukwethula imiphumela ngobuhlakani.
• Ngisebenza ngezindawo zezifundo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube lula indlela ephelele yokuxazulula izinkinga namaphrojekthi.

Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zothisha nezikole

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ama-ICT angaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo, kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele ababhekane nazo, amakhono abawathuthukisile, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-PBL nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo: indaba yokufunda okusekelwe enkingeni

Kuvamile ukuthola ukudideka phakathi kwe-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi) kanye ne-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuzinkinga) . Nakuba zabelana ngengqikithi futhi zivame ukufana ekusebenzeni, kunezimo ezicashile kodwa ezifanele:

• I-PBL igxile ekuxazululeni inkinga ethile yesikhathi esilinganiselwe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-PBL ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ebanzi kakhulu ephetha ngomkhiqizo wokugcina obonakalayo.
• Ku-PBL, inhloso inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokucabanga.Kanti ku-PBL inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina, onemiphumela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
• I-PBL ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, isayensi, noma ubunjiniyelalapho amacala ezokwelapha noma ezobuchwepheshe evumela ukwakheka kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nokuhlolwa.
• Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) ngokuvamile kufuna umkhiqizo ongadluliselwa, umsebenzi, umcimbi, isiphakamiso sokuthuthukisa, noma umkhankaso wokuqwashisa..

Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izikhungo eziningi zemfundo zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela, zivumelanisa ukulandelana kanye nezici nezinhloso kanye nezinsiza zomongo.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi e-PBL angempela kanye nesigaba semfundo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke okungenhla kungahunyushwa kanjani kube ngokoqobo, akukho okufana nokubona izibonelo ezingokoqobo, eziwusizo kusukela esigabeni seMfundo Yasebuntwaneni kuya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi:

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yasebuntwaneni (iminyaka engu-3-6)

• Umhlahlandlela Wezilwane ZasedolobheniAbafundi bahlola ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eduze, baqoqa ulwazi ngokubuza ekhaya noma kothisha, badwebe izilwane, bakhe umhlahlandlela omncane onezithombe bese bewunikeza imindeni yabo.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yamabanga Aphansi (iminyaka engu-6-12)

• Ukuklanywa kabusha kwenkundla yokudlala yesikoleKusukela ekubukeni kwegceke, amaqembu ahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwalo, athole intuthuko engaba khona, afune ulwazi ngamagceke aluhlaza, aklame uhlelo lwesilinganiso njengeqembu futhi alungiselele isabelomali kanye nokuzivikela ngomlomo abakwethula eqenjini labaphathi.
• Uphenyo ngokungcoliswa komfula oseduzeNgemva kokwethula umbiko wezindaba olinganisa ukungcoliswa komfula, amaqembu aphenya izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso, elungiselela imibiko kanye nezethulo 'kuMkhandlu Wedolobha'.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yesibili Ephoqelekile (iminyaka engu-12-16 ubudala)

• Ukudalwa kwebhizinisi lomphakathi elingelona iqinisoAbafundi bahlaziya indawo abakuyo, bathole inkinga yangempela endaweni, baphakamise ikhambi lebhizinisi, baklame imodeli yebhizinisi, bese begcina bethule iphrojekthi eqenjini labahluleli nothisha.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamanani amanzi asemabhodleleni: Ngocwaningo kanye nengxoxo yezihloko zangempela, iqembu liphenya ngezomnotho, uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo yamanzi asemabhodleleni, lihlela izingxoxo ezihlelekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhaliwe.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Esikoleni Samabanga Aphezulu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwemisebenzi

• Uhlelo lwemfundo yezempiloEmijikelezweni yokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, abafundi baklama uhlelo lwemfundo ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lweziguli zasesikhungweni, bathuthukise izinto zokwakha, balungiselele izethulo futhi bahlele umcimbi olingiswayo nabahlanganyeli abangaphandle kweqembu labo.
• Ukulingisa icala lezokwelapha: Abafundi abaqeqeshwayo emisebenzini ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo baxazulula ukulandelana kokuxilonga, bathuthukise izindlela zokuhlola futhi bavikele isiphakamiso sabo sezokwelapha phambi kothisha neqembu.

Ukuhlolwa ku-PBL: Ngale Kwezivivinyo Zendabuko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PBL yindlela yokufunda ehlolwa ngayo . Esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe zendabuko, i-PBL isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile nezibanzi, njenge:

• Sula amarubrikhi kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza kubonakale izindlela zokukhetha kanye namazinga ekhwalithi alindelekile kokubili inqubo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Ukuzihlola kanye nokuhlolwa kontangalapho abafundi ngokwabo kanye nontanga yabo behlola ukubamba iqhaza, iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu, kanye nezinselele ezinqotshiwe.
• Amajenali okufunda kanye namaphothifoliyo edijithali, ukuqoqa imicabango, imikhiqizo ephakathi, ubunzima kanye nempumelelo kulo lonke iphrojekthi.
• Izethulo zomlomo kanye nokuzivikela kwephrojekthiokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana abalulekile, ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono, kanye nokwamukelwa kwempendulo evela kubabukeli uqobo.
• Ukubuka okuqondile kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (ama-prototype, amavidiyo, imibiko, imikhankaso yedijithali…)

Konke lokhu kuhilela ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokugcina kuphela kuya ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo , okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa kuyo yonke inqubo.

I-PBL ihlangana kanjani nezinye izindlela?

Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) kuyaguquguquka kakhulu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelelayo kakhulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa noma ukushintshanisa izigaba zokwethulwa kwethiyori, izifundo zamacala, amakilasi aguquliwe, ukulingisa, noma izingxoxo eziqondisiwe . Ukufakwa kwamathuluzi edijithali, njenge -Notion in Education kanye namanye amapulatifomu alula ukuphathwa nokuqapha amaphrojekthi, nakho kuvamile .

• Ngisebenza ngezindawo zezifundo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube lula indlela ephelele yokuxazulula izinkinga namaphrojekthi.

Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zothisha nezikole

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ama-ICT angaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo, kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele ababhekane nazo, amakhono abawathuthukisile, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.

Umehluko phakathi kwe-PBL nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo: indaba yokufunda okusekelwe enkingeni

Kuvamile ukuthola ukudideka phakathi kwe-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuphrojekthi) kanye ne-PBL (Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kuzinkinga) . Nakuba zabelana ngengqikithi futhi zivame ukufana ekusebenzeni, kunezimo ezicashile kodwa ezifanele:

• I-PBL igxile ekuxazululeni inkinga ethile yesikhathi esilinganiselwe kakhulu, kuyilapho i-PBL ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ebanzi kakhulu ephetha ngomkhiqizo wokugcina obonakalayo.
• Ku-PBL, inhloso inqubo yokuxazulula izinkinga kanye nokucabanga.Kanti ku-PBL inqubo ibaluleke njengomphumela wokugcina, onemiphumela ngaphandle kwekilasi.
• I-PBL ivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nezokwelapha, isayensi, noma ubunjiniyelalapho amacala ezokwelapha noma ezobuchwepheshe evumela ukwakheka kwezinkolelo-mbono kanye nokuhlolwa.
• Ukufunda okusekelwe kumaphrojekthi (PBL) ngokuvamile kufuna umkhiqizo ongadluliselwa, umsebenzi, umcimbi, isiphakamiso sokuthuthukisa, noma umkhankaso wokuqwashisa..

Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izikhungo eziningi zemfundo zihlanganisa izici zazo zombili izindlela, zivumelanisa ukulandelana kanye nezici nezinhloso kanye nezinsiza zomongo.

Izibonelo zamaphrojekthi e-PBL angempela kanye nesigaba semfundo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi konke okungenhla kungahunyushwa kanjani kube ngokoqobo, akukho okufana nokubona izibonelo ezingokoqobo, eziwusizo kusukela esigabeni seMfundo Yasebuntwaneni kuya esikoleni samabanga aphezulu kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwezemisebenzi:

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yasebuntwaneni (iminyaka engu-3-6)

• Umhlahlandlela Wezilwane ZasedolobheniAbafundi bahlola ukuthi yiziphi izilwane ezihlala eduze, baqoqa ulwazi ngokubuza ekhaya noma kothisha, badwebe izilwane, bakhe umhlahlandlela omncane onezithombe bese bewunikeza imindeni yabo.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yamabanga Aphansi (iminyaka engu-6-12)

• Ukuklanywa kabusha kwenkundla yokudlala yesikoleKusukela ekubukeni kwegceke, amaqembu ahlaziya ukusetshenziswa kwalo, athole intuthuko engaba khona, afune ulwazi ngamagceke aluhlaza, aklame uhlelo lwesilinganiso njengeqembu futhi alungiselele isabelomali kanye nokuzivikela ngomlomo abakwethula eqenjini labaphathi.
• Uphenyo ngokungcoliswa komfula oseduzeNgemva kokwethula umbiko wezindaba olinganisa ukungcoliswa komfula, amaqembu aphenya izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso, elungiselela imibiko kanye nezethulo 'kuMkhandlu Wedolobha'.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Emfundweni Yesibili Ephoqelekile (iminyaka engu-12-16 ubudala)

• Ukudalwa kwebhizinisi lomphakathi elingelona iqinisoAbafundi bahlaziya indawo abakuyo, bathole inkinga yangempela endaweni, baphakamise ikhambi lebhizinisi, baklame imodeli yebhizinisi, bese begcina bethule iphrojekthi eqenjini labahluleli nothisha.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwamanani amanzi asemabhodleleni: Ngocwaningo kanye nengxoxo yezihloko zangempela, iqembu liphenya ngezomnotho, uhlaka lwezomthetho kanye nemiphumela yezenhlalo yamanzi asemabhodleleni, lihlela izingxoxo ezihlelekile kanye nezimpikiswano ezibhaliwe.

Ukufunda Okusekelwe Kumaphrojekthi Esikoleni Samabanga Aphezulu Nokuqeqeshwa Kwemisebenzi

• Uhlelo lwemfundo yezempiloEmijikelezweni yokuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, abafundi baklama uhlelo lwemfundo ngesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2 lweziguli zasesikhungweni, bathuthukise izinto zokwakha, balungiselele izethulo futhi bahlele umcimbi olingiswayo nabahlanganyeli abangaphandle kweqembu labo.
• Ukulingisa icala lezokwelapha: Abafundi abaqeqeshwayo emisebenzini ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo baxazulula ukulandelana kokuxilonga, bathuthukise izindlela zokuhlola futhi bavikele isiphakamiso sabo sezokwelapha phambi kothisha neqembu.

Ukuhlolwa ku-PBL: Ngale Kwezivivinyo Zendabuko

Enye yezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-PBL yindlela yokufunda ehlolwa ngayo . Esikhundleni sezivivinyo ezibhaliwe zendabuko, i-PBL isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukile nezibanzi, njenge:

• Sula amarubrikhi kusukela ekuqaleni, okwenza kubonakale izindlela zokukhetha kanye namazinga ekhwalithi alindelekile kokubili inqubo kanye nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
• Ukuzihlola kanye nokuhlolwa kontangalapho abafundi ngokwabo kanye nontanga yabo behlola ukubamba iqhaza, iminikelo yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu, kanye nezinselele ezinqotshiwe.
• Amajenali okufunda kanye namaphothifoliyo edijithali, ukuqoqa imicabango, imikhiqizo ephakathi, ubunzima kanye nempumelelo kulo lonke iphrojekthi.
• Izethulo zomlomo kanye nokuzivikela kwephrojekthiokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okuxhumana abalulekile, ukuqinisekiswa kwemibono, kanye nokwamukelwa kwempendulo evela kubabukeli uqobo.
• Ukubuka okuqondile kanye nokuqoqwa kobufakazi obuhlukahlukene (ama-prototype, amavidiyo, imibiko, imikhankaso yedijithali…)

Konke lokhu kuhilela ukusuka ekuhlolweni kokugcina kuphela kuya ekuhlolweni okuqhubekayo , okuhloswe ngakho ukuthuthukisa kuyo yonke inqubo.

I-PBL ihlangana kanjani nezinye izindlela?

Ukufunda okusekelwe ezinkingeni (PBL) kuyaguquguquka kakhulu, futhi okuhlangenwe nakho okuphumelelayo kakhulu kuvame ukuhlanganisa noma ukushintshanisa izigaba zokwethulwa kwethiyori, izifundo zecala, amakilasi aguquliwe, ukulingisa, noma izingxoxo eziqondisiwe . Ukufakwa kwamathuluzi edijithali, njenge-[platform name] kanye namanye amapulatifomu alula ukuphathwa kwephrojekthi nokuqapha, nakho kuvamile.

• Ngisebenza ngezindawo zezifundo ezihlanganisiwe, okwenza kube lula indlela ephelele yokuxazulula izinkinga namaphrojekthi.

Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezincomo ezibalulekile zothisha nezikole

• Amaphrojekthi afanele futhi ayiqiniso: Amaphrojekthi kumele asekelwe ezimweni zangempela, axhumene nendawo yabafundi, futhi abe nenselele eyanele yokukhuthaza.
• I-Interdisciplinarity: Kunconywa ukuthi, noma nini lapho kungenzeka, iphrojekthi ihlanganise izifundo namakhono amaningana, ukuze inikeze umbono womhlaba wonke.
• Ukuhlela okuningiliziwe: Bobabili othisha nabafundi kumele bachaze izinhloso zokufunda, izindlela zokuhlola, izinsiza ezidingekayo, kanye nesikhathi esingokoqobo.
• Ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo: Uthisha kumele aqondise inqubo futhi atholakale ukuxazulula izithiyo, aqondise ucwaningo, futhi anikeze impendulo eyakhayo.
• Chazela abafundi indlela yokwenza lokhu: Abafundi kudingeka bazi kahle ukuthi yini elindeleke kubo, ukuthi amaqembu azohlelwa kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuzoqhutshwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izindima abangazithatha.
• Ukukhuthaza ukuzisebenzela, kodwa futhi nomsebenzi wokubambisana: Umfundi ngamunye kumele athwale imithwalo yemfanelo, kodwa futhi azibophezele eqenjini.
• Ukuhlola okwakhayo, okuphelele nokuhlukahlukene: Ngale kwamamaki, ukuqoqwa kobufakazi, ukuzihlola, kanye nokuhlolwa kontanga kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni inqubo.
• Ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe: Ama-ICT angaba abalingani abakhulu bokucwaninga, ukudala imikhiqizo yedijithali, ukuxhumana kanye nokwethula imiphumela.

Izigaba nezinyathelo zokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ye-PBL

Iphrojekthi esekelwe endleleni ye-PBL ivame ukulandela isakhiwo esichazwe kahle ngezigaba:

1. Isitatimende senselelo noma umbuzo wokushayela: Konke kuqala ngenkinga evulekile noma umbuzo onenjongo. Lo mbuzo kumele udinge ukuhlaziywa, ukuphenya, kanye nobuciko, futhi kumele uhlangane neqiniso lendawo ezungezile.
2. Inhlangano nokuhlela: Ithimba lokufundisa kanye nabafundi bahlonza lokho abakwaziyo nalokho okudingeka bakwazi, bahlele izinsiza, bahlukanise imisebenzi, futhi baphawule izigaba ezibalulekile.
3. Ucwaningo nokuhlola: Kulesi sigaba, abafundi bagxila kakhulu esihlokweni, basesha ulwazi (ezincwadini, kwi-inthanethi, emithonjeni yomlomo, ezingxoxweni, emsebenzini wasensimini), bahlole, baqhathanise, futhi bakhethe idatha efanele.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo wokugcina: Iqembu lithuthukisa umkhiqizo wokugcina: kungaba isethulo, into ebonakalayo, ividiyo, umbiko, umkhankaso… Into ebalulekile ukuthi inencazelo futhi iyasebenza ngaphandle kweklasi.
5. Isethulo nokusabalalisa: Lo mkhiqizo wethulwa kubabukeli (ikilasi, isikhungo, imindeni, ochwepheshe bangaphandle, umphakathi), okunezela inselele eyengeziwe futhi kushukumise ikhwalithi.
6. Ukuhlola, ukuzindla kanye nokuthuthukiswa: Kokubili inqubo kanye nomphumela kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa amarubrikhi, amaphothifoliyo, izethulo, kanye nempendulo. Abafundi bacabanga ngalokho abakufundile, izinselele ababhekane nazo, amakhono abawathuthukisile, kanye nendlela abangathuthukisa ngayo.