- Amanqanaba okufunda kwigumbi lokufundela ahluka kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi kwaye anokuhlelwa njengacothayo, aphakathi, kwaye akhawuleza.
- Izinto ezinje ngophuhliso lwengqondo, inkuthazo, ukutya okunesondlo, ubudala, okanye imeko-bume yosapho zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isantya umntu ngamnye afunda ngaso.
- Ukuhlonipha nokulungiselela ukufundisa ngokwesantya ngasinye kubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe ukukhungatheka, kunyuswe ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kuphuculwe ukuzithemba kwabafundi.
Kuyo nayiphi na igumbi lokufundela, kuyacaca ukuba umfundi ngamnye ufunda ngendlela yakhe nangesantya esahlukileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, emva kwengcaciso, abanye abantwana bayayiqonda loo ngcamango ngoko nangoko, ngelixa abanye besokola ngakumbi kwaye bafuna ixesha okanye ezinye iindlela zokuqonda iingcamango. Olu mahluko kwisantya sokufumana ulwazi yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi -learning rhythms , inkalo ephambili yokufundisa kwangoku, eqatshelwa ngakumbi yi -pedagogy yanamhlanje kunye nophando kwi-psychology kunye ne-neuroeducation.
Ukuqonda nokuhlonipha ezi ndlela zokufunda zomntu ngamnye, namhlanje, yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokubonelela ngemfundo ebandakanya wonke umntu, enobulungisa, nesebenzayo. Ootitshala bajongene nemingeni ebalulekileyo: indlela yokulungelelanisa, ukukhuthaza, nokuvavanya abafundi abaneemfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nesantya sokufunda, kwaye zeziphi iindlela ezilungileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ushiyekayo okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba abafundi abakhawulezayo balahlekelwa ngumdla kunye nenkuthazo ngenxa yokudinwa.
Zithini izifundo zesingqisho?
Isantya sokufunda sisantya umntu akwazi ngaso ukuqonda, ukucubungula, nokugcina ulwazi olutsha okanye izakhono. Kunokuba luphawu olungenakuguqulwa, luxhomekeke kubuchule bomfundi ngamnye, ekukhuleni, kwizizathu zakhe zobuqu, kwimbali, nakwiimeko ezithile. Ngoko ke, abafundi ababini banokudinga ixesha elahlukileyo lokufunda into enye, ngaphandle kokuba oku kubonisa ukuba omnye ungcono okanye mbi kunomnye.
Uninzi lweengcali kunye namaziko emfundo bayavumelana ngokwahlula iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokufunda:
- KancinciBafunda nzima ngakumbi kwaye bafuna ukuphindaphinda okanye inkxaso engaphezulu.
- IphakathiBaqhubela phambili ngesantya esiqhelekileyo, esiqheleke kakhulu kubafundi abaninzi.
- KhawulezaBaqonda iingcamango ngokulula kwaye bahlala bephambili kuneqela.
Esi santya asixhomekekanga kwinqanaba lobukrelekrele. Umntwana okrelekrele kakhulu unokuba nesantya esiphakathi okanye esicothayo sokufunda kwizifundo ezithile. Ngaphezu koko, umfundi omnye unokubonisa isantya esahlukileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwisifundo, inkuthazo yakhe, okanye imeko-bume yosapho lwakhe kunye nesikolo.
Imbono yengqondo: Umbono kaPiaget
Omnye wabantu ababalaseleyo kuphando lokufunda, uJean Piaget , ufumanise ukuba ukufumana ulwazi kuxhomekeke kukulinganisela phakathi kweenkqubo ezintathu zengqondo: ukuhlanganiswa, ukulungelelaniswa, kunye nokulingana.
- Ukwaziswa: Kubandakanya ukufaka ulwazi olutsha kwisakhelo sengqondo esikhoyo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuzama ukuqonda ulwazi olutsha ngokusekelwe kwinto esele siyayazi.
- Indawo yokuhlala: Kwenzeka xa ulwazi olutsha luphikisana noko kwakusaziwa kwaye lunyanzelisa ukuguqulwa kwezicwangciso ezindala ukuba zilungelelaniswe.
- Ukulinganisela: Yinkqubo elawula ukuba iskimu sangaphambili sigcinwa nini kwaye xa siguqulwa, kulungelelaniswa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kunye nokulungiswa.
Ukulula komfundi ngamnye ukukwazi ukulinganisela ezi nkqubo kuchaphazela isantya sakhe sokufunda. Nangona abanye abafundi befuna ixesha elingakumbi lokuziqhelanisa neengcinga ezintsha (ukunyamezela okukhulu ekuziqhelaniseni), abanye bayaziqhelanisa ngokulula nezinto ezintsha (kwaye ke, ukuze bavumelane nazo), befunda ngokukhawuleza.
Kutheni kukho amanqanaba okufunda ahlukeneyo?
Izizathu zininzi kwaye zinxulumene neemeko zebhayoloji, zengqondo, zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ezinye zezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- Uphuhliso lwengqondo nolwengqondo: Umntwana ngamnye ukhula ngesantya esahlukileyo, nto leyo echaphazela ubuchule bakhe bokuqiqa, ukukhumbula, nokuqonda iingcamango.
- Ubudala obuhambelanayo kunye nophuhliso lokukhula: Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ubudala bomfundi xa buthelekiswa noontanga bakhe bunokwenza umahluko omkhulu. Umzekelo, abo bazalwa ekuqaleni konyaka wezifundo badla ngokubonisa ukulungela okukhulu kwengqondo kunabo baneemini zokuzalwa ezikwiinyanga zokugqibela (jonga izifundo zikaBedard noDhuey, 2006).
- Isondlo: Ukutya okunesondlo kunefuthe ngqo ekusebenzeni kwengqondo, ngoko ke, kukwazi ukufunda. Ukutya okunesondlo kubalulekile, ingakumbi ebuntwaneni.
- Inkuthazo kunye nomdlandla: Umfundi onomdla, onomdla, nozithembileyo udla ngokufunda ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa ukungabi namdla okanye ukuzithemba kunokulibazisa le nkqubo.
- Ubunzima bokufunda obuthile: Ubunzima obufana ne-ADHD, i-dyslexia, okanye iingxaki zokuva zinokuchaphazela isantya sokufunda kwiindawo ezithile ngaphandle kokubeka abanye emngciphekweni.
- Indawo yosapho kunye nentlalo: Indawo yosapho ekhuthazayo, enezixhobo nenkxaso eyaneleyo, ikhuthaza ukufunda okubushelelezi.
- Iintlobo zobukrelekrele: Ngokweethiyori ezahlukeneyo (ezifana nekaGardner's), ayingabo bonke abantwana ababalaseleyo kwizinto ezifanayo. Omnye umntu usenokuba nesantya kwizibalo kwaye akhawuleze kwizakhono zomculo okanye zemidlalo.
Ukwahlulwa kweendlela zokufunda: iimpawu kunye neemfuno
1. Isantya sokufunda esicothayo
Aba bafundi badla ngokufuna ixesha elingakumbi, iingcaciso, kunye nenkxaso eyongezelelweyo ukuze bafumane ulwazi olutsha okanye izakhono. Kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba isantya sokufunda esicothayo akuthethi ukuba kukho iingxaki zengqondo; kuthetha nje ukuba ulwazi lufakwa kancinci kancinci.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo:
- Ubunzima bokukhumbula, ukugxila, kunye nokugcina ulwazi.
- Imfuneko yokuphindaphinda kunye nenkxaso enkulu yootitshala.
- Kungakhokelela ekubeni bangabi namdla okanye bangazithembi ukuba abafumani nkxaso ifanelekileyo.
- Ngamanye amaxesha, iingxaki ziphelela kwiindawo ezithile (umzekelo, ukufunda kuphela okanye izibalo kuphela).
Iingcebiso kootitshala neentsapho:
- Iingcaciso ezilula nezicacileyo zigxile kwizinto ezisebenzayo nezibonakalayo.
- Imisebenzi emifutshane abanokuyisingatha ngokukhululeka.
- Indawo engenaziphazamiso zokukhuthaza ukugxila.
- Phinda imiyalelo amaxesha amaninzi kangangoko kufuneka.
- Ukuqinisa okuhle, ukubhiyozela yonke inkqubela yokwenyani, nokuba incinci kangakanani na.
- Uvavanyo lugxile kwinkqubela phambili kunye nomzamo, kungekuphela nje kwiziphumo.
Ungaze ubabize kakubi aba bafundi (abacothayo, abakhathaliyo, okanye abavila), kuba oku kungonakalisa kakhulu ukuzithemba kwabo kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwizifundo.
2. Isantya sokufunda esiphakathi
Uninzi lwabafundi lukule meko, nto leyo emele isantya "esiqhelekileyo" sokufumana umxholo omtsha. Ngokwesiqhelo bafezekisa iinjongo ngexesha elilindelekileyo kwaye abadli ngokufuna uhlengahlengiso olubalulekileyo lwekharityhulam.
Izixhobo:
- Bahlanganisa iingcamango kunye neenkqubo kwixesha eliphawulwe yikharityhulam.
- Ukusebenza kwayo kudla ngokuzinza.
- Ngamanye amaxesha, bayagqwesa kwizifundo ezithile ngokwezinto abanomdla kuzo.
- Azinazo iingxaki ezininzi ekuphumeleleni nasekuqhubeleni phambili kwizifundo ezinyanzelekileyo.
Izinto ezibalulekileyo zokuphucula ukusebenza kwakho:
- Gcina umdla ngemithambo esebenzayo emva kwesifundo okanye isihloko ngasinye.
- Ukukhulisa ubuchule babo ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo: ukufunda, imisebenzi yezandla, iimvavanyo, ukuzonwabisa ngamaqela, njl.
- Khuthaza imingeni kwizifundo ezibakhuthazayo: ukusombulula iingxaki, uphuhliso lweeprojekthi, umsebenzi osekelwe kwizakhono.
- Sebenzisa izixhobo ezisebenzisanayo, ezinje ngamaqonga okufunda ahambelanayo.
Inyaniso yokuba abantwana abanesantya esiphakathi "bangumndilili weqela" ayithethi ukuba abayi kufuna uncedo okanye abayi kudibana neengxaki. Kubalulekile ukuba neliso ukuze ubone naziphi na iingxaki kwangethuba.
3. Isantya sokufunda esikhawulezayo
Aba bafundi babalasele ekuqondeni nasekuhlanganiseni iingcamango ezintsha kunye nemiyalelo ngaphandle kwengcaciso okanye ukuziqhelanisa kakhulu. Banesixhobo esihle sokukhumbula, ukuqiqa, kunye nokudlulisela ulwazi kwiimeko ezintsha.
Iimpawu ezixhaphakileyo kakhulu:
- Ukuzithemba okuhle kunye nenkuthazo ephezulu yokufunda.
- Isigama esibanzi kunye nezakhono ezilungileyo zokusebenzisa ingqondo.
- Ukuthambekela ekukhokheleni eklasini, ukwenza iiprojekthi ezintsha kunye nokufuna imingeni.
- Ukufuna ukwazi ngezinto ezininzi.
- Ubuchule bokukruquka ukuba awuchaswanga.
Imingeni ekufuneka iqwalaselwe: Akuqhelekanga ukuba aba bafundi baphazanyiswe "njengabantwana abangaqhelekanga" okanye abantwana abaneziphiwo, kodwa isantya sokufunda ngokukhawuleza sisakhono esahlukileyo, esinokukhawulelwa kwizifundo ezithile. Xa umsebenzi wesikolo ungabangeli mngeni wokwenene, basenokuziva bephelelwe lithemba, bengenamdla, okanye bade babe neembono ezimbi ngezifundo zabo.
Izicwangciso ezicetyiswayo:
- Nciphisa amaxesha okugqiba umsebenzi ukuze bakwazi ukuvavanya izakhono zabo.
- Vumela ukufikelela kumxholo wezifundo okwinqanaba eliphezulu.
- Ukwazisa ezinye iilwimi okanye izakhono ezibanzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
- Imingeni ethile: ukukhumbula izinto ngendlela ephucukileyo, ubuchule, ukuhlanganisa izinto, iingxoxo, uphando oluzimeleyo.
Izinto eziphambili ezinefuthe kumazinga okufunda
Zininzi, kodwa ezinye zibaluleke kakhulu:
- Uphuhliso lwengqondo kunye nolwengqondoUkukhula kwengqondo akufani kubo bonke abantwana, nto leyo enokwenza umahluko omkhulu kwasebuntwaneni.
- UkutyaUkutya okufanelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukuze ingqondo isebenze kakuhle.
- Inkuthazo kunye nomdlaAbafundi abanomdla nabanomdla bathambekele ekuqhubeleni phambili ngokukhawuleza baze boyise ubunzima ngokulula.
- Iindawo eziqhelekileyoIndawo ekhuthazayo kunye nokusebenzisana kakuhle nosapho kukhuthaza ukufunda.
- Iinjongo ezininziAsinguye wonke umntu ofunda ngesantya esifanayo kuzo zonke iinkalo; kubalulekile ukuchonga iitalente nezakhono ezizodwa.
- Ukulungiselela izifundo kunye nokwaziswa ngezixhobo
- Ukuvuselelwa kwe-cerebral hemispheric
- Ubudala obuhambelanayo kwiqelaIzifundo zikaLeobien (2024) kunye noBedard kunye noDhuey zibonisa ukuba ubudala bokuzalwa xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka wesikolo benza umahluko kwimpumelelo yezemfundo, ingakumbi ekuqondeni ukufunda.
Ukulinganisa kunye nokuchongwa kwezingqisho zokufunda
Okwangoku, akukho zixhobo zisemthethweni ezithile zokulinganisa isantya sokufunda ngokwahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimvavanyo zemfundo yengqondo, iimvavanyo zobukrelekrele ngokubanzi, kunye novavanyo lolwazi oluqokelelweyo zihlala zisetyenziswa ukuqikelela iprofayili yomfundi ngamnye.
Ngaphezu koko, ukuqwalasela okuqhubekayo ngutitshala kunye novavanyo olucwangcisiweyo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuchonga abo bafundi bafuna ukungenelela okulungiselelwe umntu ngamnye.
Ukwahluka kwesantya sokufunda eklasini kunye nendlela yokusisombulula
Enye yezona zinto zibonakalayo kwimfundo kukuba isantya abafundi abafumana ngaso ulwazi sinokuhluka kakhulu, nokuba phakathi kwabafundi abafunda nabo kwibanga elinye. Izinto ezifana nenyanga yokuzalwa, isini, kunye nohlobo lobukrelekrele zonke zidlala indima, nto leyo eyenza kube yimfuneko ukusebenzisa amaqhinga okujongana nolu mahluko.
Eminye yeendlela ezilungileyo ezicetyiswa bubungqina zezi:
- Amaqela aguquguqukayo: Vumela amaqela okusebenza ukuba angasoloko efana, kodwa atshintshe ngokwezakhono kunye nenkqubela phambili.
- Ukwenza umntu afundise: Ukulungelelanisa izixhobo kunye nemisebenzi ngokwemigangatho neemfuno zabafundi. Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe ezifana itekhnoloji yemfundo y iindlela ezintsha Zibalulekile ekusombululeni olu mahluko.
- Uvavanyo oluqhubekekayo lokwakha: Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zovavanyo zexesha eliphakathi kunye nempendulo eqhubekayo kuvumela ukuba ucwangciso luhlengahlengiswe ngokweemfuno zokwenyani.
- Inkxaso yomntu ngamnye: Nika inkxaso okanye ukufundisa abafundi abakufunayo, usebenzisana nabanye oochwephesha.
Ukubaluleka kokuhlonipha isantya sokufunda
Ukungahloniphi isantya sokufunda somntu ngamnye kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwinkuthazo yabafundi, ukusebenza kwabo kakuhle, kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Ukuba ootitshala, iintsapho, kunye nenkqubo yesikolo abayilungisi le mahluko kwisantya sokufunda, oko kunokukhokelela ekuphoxekeni, kuxinzelelo, ekulahlekelweni ngumdla, kwanasekuphumeni esikolweni kwangethuba.
Iileyibhile ezimbi, uxinzelelo lokulandela isantya esifanayo (nokuba sikhawuleza okanye sicotha), kunye nokuthelekiswa okungekho sikweni kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuzithemba kwabantwana kunye nokuziqonda kwabo. Okwangoku, "ukunyanzela" abafundi abakhawulezayo ukuba banciphise isantya sokufunda kwabo ngaphandle kokubanika imingeni emitsha kunokukhokelela ekungakhathali, ukukruquka, kunye nokuziphatha okuphazamisayo.
Njengabafundisi-ntsapho, kubalulekile:
- Zinike ixesha lokuqwalasela nokumamela iimfuno zomfundi ngamnye.
- Khetha izixhobo kunye neendlela ezibandakanya wonke umntu nezahlukeneyo.
- Funa intsebenziswano phakathi kwesikolo neentsapho.
- Ziphephe iilebhile kwaye uxabise umzamo, kungekuphela nje iziphumo.
- Khuthaza ukufunda okusekelwe kwiprojekthi, ukuze umfundi ngamnye akhokele kwaye aqhubele phambili ngesantya sakhe, efumana ulwalathiso lomntu ngamnye.
- Sebenzisa i Itekhnoloji yokufundisa ukwenza iindlela zohambo ezenzelwe wena kunye nokuzilolonga okuhlengahlengisiweyo.
Amaqhinga asebenzayo ootitshala neentsapho
Yintoni enokwenziwa ngutitshala, okanye usapho, ukunceda ekuhlonipheni nasekuphuculeni isigqi somntu ngamnye?
- Ukuqwalasela nokufumanisa izingqisho zokufunda ukusuka kwinqanaba lesikolo sabantwana abancinci: Kucetyiswa ukuba kunikelwe ingqalelo kwanakwiminyaka yokuqala ukuze kukhokelwe ukungenelela kwezemfundo ngokukhawuleza.
- Sebenza kuzo zonke iingqondo: Musa ukugxila kwizifundo zomculo kuphela; umfundi ngamnye unokugqwesa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
- Nika izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemisebenzi enezinto ezidlalayo, ezinobuchule nezisebenzayo: Umsebenzi wezandla, iimvavanyo, intshukumo, ukusombulula iingxaki, kunye nomsebenzi weprojekthi ziindlela ezisebenzayo.
- Khulisa ukuzithemba: Ukuqaphela umzamo kunye nenkqubela phambili kuqinisa ukuzithemba kunye nomnqweno wokufunda.
- Unxibelelwano oluqhubekayo phakathi kotitshala nosapho: Intsebenziswano etyibilikayo yenza kube lula ukulungelelanisa iinjongo, ukubonwa kwangethuba kobunzima, kunye nendlela ephucukileyo yomntwana ngamnye.
Indlela yokufunda esekwe kwiprojekthi: Iyintoni, isebenza njani, kunye nemizekelo esebenzayo
Izifundo eziqhubekayo kuzo zonke izigaba zemfundo
Umahluko wesantya sokufunda ubonakala ukusuka kwisikolo sabantwana abancinci ukuya kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo nangaphaya. Nangona abanye abafundi begcina isantya sabo ngokuhamba kweminyaka, abanye banokutshintsha, baphucule izakhono zabo, okanye baphuhlise izakhono kwiindawo ezintsha ngenxa yenkuthazo, ukuziqhelanisa, iindlela zokufundisa, kunye nezixhobo abazisebenzisayo.
Kubalulekile ukuziqhelanisa nesigaba sophuhliso. Kwiminyaka yabantwana abancinci, ukukhula kuyahluka kakhulu, kwaye umahluko weenyanga ezimbalwa nje unokuba ngundoqo (njengoko kuboniswe kwisifundo sikaLeobien malunga nokuqonda ukufunda). Kwizikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo, ukwenza umntu abe ngumntu kunye novavanyo lokwakha kuhlala kungamacebo aphambili okuxhasa isantya sokufunda somntwana ngamnye.
Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe zokufunda ezenzelwe wena
Okwangoku, kukho izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezenzelwe ukulungelelanisa imfundo ngokwesantya sokufunda somfundi ngamnye. Amaqonga afana neKnowt avumela imisebenzi yokusebenzisana eyenzelwe iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo kwiklasi enye, evumela abafundi ukuba baqhubele phambili ngesantya sabo.
Kwelinye icala, izixhobo ezifana ne -AI Quests zivumela ootitshala ukuba benze izixhobo zokufundisa ezenzelwe bona ngemizuzu, behlengahlengisa izixhobo kunye nomxholo ukuze zihambelane nezakhono ezithile kunye neemfuno ezichongiweyo kwiqela.
Ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo ngokufanelekileyo kunceda ekunciphiseni umsantsa phakathi kwabafundi abacothayo nabafundi abaphucukileyo, kuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nemingeni yokuphuhlisa amandla akhe apheleleyo.
Ukucamngca kokugqibela malunga nokwahluka kwezingqisho kwigumbi lokufundela
Ukufundisa akusenakufana. Intlonipho nokuqonda isantya sokufunda somntu ngamnye kuba yindlela echanekileyo kubo bonke abafundi, nokuba baqala phi na, yokufumana ithuba lokuqhubela phambili nokugqwesa.
Ukulwela imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi, exabisa kwaye ilungisa iinjongo, iindlela, kunye novavanyo ngokwesantya somfundi ngamnye, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuyeka isikolo nokwandisa uphuhliso lwezizukulwana ezintsha.