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- Uvandlakanyo kwi UReggio Emilia Iyaqhubeka, ihambelana nomgangatho, kwaye igxile kwinkqubo, kungekhona kwiziphumo zamanani.
- Isekelwe kumaxwebhu okufundisa ootitshala, iintsapho kunye nabafundi ngokwabo, edibanisa iifoto, iirekhodi ezibhaliweyo kunye nokucamngca.
- Indalo kunye nezixhobo zibalulekile ukubonelela ngamava okufunda nokujonga izinto ngeendlela ezininzi, ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kunye nobuchule.
- Ukubandakanyeka kweentsapho kubalulekile ekuxhaseni nasekubekeni esweni uphuhliso lobuqu nolwezemfundo lwabafundi.
Indlela yeReggio Emilia itshintshe kakhulu imfundo yabantwana abancinci neyamabanga aphantsi, izimisa njengenye yezona ndlela zemfundo zintsha neziqatshelweyo kwihlabathi liphela. Nangona imvelaphi yayo yembali emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, le ndlela yase-Itali isasebenza njengomzekelo namhlanje wendlela yayo yobuntu kunye nokuqonda kwayo okukhethekileyo kokufunda nokuvavanya. Iintsapho ezininzi kunye nootitshala bayazibuza: abantwana bavavanywa njani kusetyenziswa indlela yeReggio Emilia?
Kulo lonke eli nqaku, siza kuchaza indlela uvavanyo oluqhutywa ngayo kule ndlela, ziintsika ezixhasayo, umahluko ophambili kuvavanyo lwendabuko, iindima zootitshala, abafundi, kunye neentsapho kule nkqubo, kunye nendlela oluhambelana ngayo nezigaba ezahlukeneyo zemfundo. Konke oku kuza kuboniswa ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olungcono oluvela kwiiwebhusayithi ezithembekileyo nezikhethekileyo, nto leyo eza kuphucula umxholo wabo banqwenela ukuqonda le ndlela inomdla yokuxhasa ukufunda ngokunzulu.
Imvelaphi kunye neziseko zefilosofi zendlela kaReggio Emilia
Ngaphambi kokuba sijonge uvavanyo, kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelaphi yefilosofi yaseReggio Emilia kunye nento eyenza ukuba ibe yekhethekileyo. Le modeli yavela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini kwidolophu yase-Itali iReggio Emilia , xa iqela labasetyhini, kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni, bagqiba ekubeni benze izikolo ezizilawulayo njengesenzo sethemba kunye notshintsho lwentlalo. Kungekudala emva koko, utitshala uLoris Malaguzzi wajoyina le ntshukumo waza wanceda ekwakheni indlela yokufundisa egxile kwintlonipho kunye nokunconywa kobuntwana , ekhuthaza umbono we-anthropological kunye nokusebenza komntwana njengomlinganiswa ophambili wokufunda kwakhe.
KwiReggio Emilia, umntwana uphakathi kwenkqubo yemfundo , uthathwa njengomntu onobuchule, onomdla wokwazi izinto ezininzi. Umntu omdala uyeka ukuba ngumdluliseli wolwazi nje kuphela aze abe ngumkhokeli, umhlobo, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, umjongi kunye nomxhasi wokufunda. Le ndlela igxininisa ngokukodwa kumaxwebhu okufundisa , ubuchule, unxibelelwano noluntu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nendima ebalulekileyo yendawo kunye nezixhobo ekuphuhliseni ukuzimela.
Iindlela zokufundisa ezizezinye: iimodeli, iimpawu kunye nemizekelo yangoku
Imigaqo yokufundisa yaseReggio Emilia
Indlela yeReggio Emilia yakhelwe phezu kweentsika ezisisiseko ezithi zimisele indlela uvavanyo kunye nokubeka iliso kwinkqubo yokufunda. Ezona zibalulekileyo zezi:
- Umfanekiso wenkwenkwe nentombazana njengabalinganiswa abaphambili malunga nokufunda: umntu ngamnye wakha ulwazi ngokwezakhono zakhe, inkuthazo yakhe, kunye nokuvuthwa kwakhe.
- Utitshala ngumkhokeli kunye nomhloboUmsebenzi wabo kukudala iimeko ezikhuthazayo, bacebise imingeni, baze banike ithuba lokuthatha amanyathelo okuqala nezinto ezingalindelekanga. ukujonga nokubhala phantsi iinkqubo zokwenyani zabafundi.
- Umoya kunye neendawo "zingutitshala wesithathu"Uyilo, ukukhanya, uyilo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezinto zonke zacetywayo ukuze kube lula ukwenza uvavanyo, ukudlala, kunye nokusebenzisana.
- Ubudlelwane obusebenzayo neentsaphoAbazali banendima ebalulekileyo ekuxhaseni nasekuqondeni uphuhliso lwabantwana babo, bethatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yesikolo.
- Uphando kunye namaxwebhuEzi projekthi zisekelwe kwizinto ezithandwa ngabantwana kwaye zibhalwe ngocoselelo, zivelisa isiseko sokucamngca apho abantwana, iintsapho kunye nabafundisi-ntsapho banokubona kwaye baqonde inkqubo eyenzekayo.
Kuthetha ukuthini uvavanyo eReggio Emilia?
Uvavanyo eReggio Emilia luhambelana nobuchule, luyaqhubeka, kwaye lugxile kwinkqubo, kungekhona kwisiphumo . Ugxininiso lukukujonga, ukumamela, kunye nokuqokelela ubungqina bendlela umntwana afunda ngayo, oko akuvayo, indlela asombulula ngayo iingxaki, indlela anxulumana ngayo nabanye, kunye nendlela akhula ngayo kuhambo lwakhe lomntu kunye nolwentlalo.
Le ndlela imele ukuphambuka okukhulu kwiinkqubo zemveli ezisekelwe kwiimvavanyo, iimviwo, kunye namanqaku eenombolo. EReggio Emilia, injongo yovavanyo kukuqonda nokuphucula inkqubo yokufunda ngokulungelelanisa imisebenzi kunye neendawo zokufunda ngokweemfuno, iinkxalabo, kunye namandla eqela ngalinye kunye nomntu ngamnye.
Ibinzana elivela kumfundisi uLoris Malaguzzi lishwankathela le ngcamango: " Abantwana baneelwimi ezilikhulu, kodwa thina siba ezingamashumi alithoba anesithoba kuzo ," ligxininisa intlonipho kunye noxabiso ngazo zonke iindlela zokubonakalisa nophuhliso , siphephe ukuqina kunye nokunciphisa izinto.
Izixhobo zovavanyo kunye namaqhinga eReggio Emilia
Isiseko sovavanyo kule ndlela kukubhalwa kwamaxwebhu okufundisa . Olu xwebhu lwenziwa imihla ngemihla liqela lootitshala (kwaye rhoqo ngentsebenziswano yeentsapho kunye nabantwana ngokwabo) kwaye luquka:
- Uqwalaselo oluthe ngqo ngexesha lokudlala, uvavanyo kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ukuphawula izimo zengqondo, ingqiqo, izinto onomdla kuzo, inkqubela phambili kunye nobunzima.
- Iirekhodi zeefoto kunye nevidiyo ezibamba inkqubo, izinto ezidaliweyo, amaxesha okunxibelelana, kunye nokufumanisa izinto ezintsha.
- Iincoko ezirekhodiweyo apho abantwana bachaza khona iingcinga zabo, amava abo, okanye izigqibo zabo.
- Iipotifoliyo zomsebenzi: ukuqokelelwa kwemizobo, imibhalo, iiprojekthi kunye nemisebenzi apho ukuvela komntu ngamnye kunye nokwabantu bonke kwinkwenkwe okanye intombazana nganye kunokubonwa khona.
- Ukucamngca okudibeneyo: iintlanganiso eziqhubekayo phakathi kootitshala ukuze babelane ngemibono, batshintshiselane ngedatha baze balungise izindululo zokufundisa ngokweengqinisiso eziqokelelweyo.
Kule nkqubo, ukuzivavanya kunye novavanyo lontanga nazo zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo: abafundi bacamngca ngenkqubo yabo yokufunda baze babelane ngohambo lwabo nabanye abafundi, bekhuthaza ukuzithemba kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu . Utitshala ukhokela le nkqubo, ingakumbi exabisa unxibelelwano lweemvakalelo, iinkxalabo kunye nempumelelo , nokuba impendulo yokugqibela yayichanekile okanye hayi.
Indima katitshala kunye "neelwimi ezilikhulu" zobuntwana
Enye yezona ngcinga zinamandla zendlela kaReggio Emilia kukuba utitshala abe yi -atelierista okanye umfundi ofunda naye . Indima yabo ayikokuba yingcali edlulisela umxholo ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, kodwa kukwenza umququzeleli wokufunda , edala imibuzo emitsha, ebangela ummangaliso, kwaye evumela abantwana ukuba bahlole ngokukhululekileyo.
Ukuze afezekise oku, utitshala uyila indawo yokufundela eguquguqukayo, etyebileyo netshintshayo, enika izixhobo ezinokuguquguquka ezimema ukufunyanwa kwezinto ngezandla: ukusuka kwizinto zendalo ezifana nembewu, amatye, amagqabi okanye amasebe, ukuya kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo nezithile ezifana neetafile ezikhanyayo okanye iitreyi zesanti ebonakalayo.
Elinye lawona magalelo makhulu ale ndlela kukuqonda ukuba zininzi iindlela zokufunda nokuziveza , ngaphaya kwamagama okanye ukubhala. Ikhuthaza ukubonakaliswa kobugcisa, ukudlala ngokukhanya, isandi, intshukumo, kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa ngezandla, ivumela abantwana ukuba bafumane indlela abayithandayo yokunxibelelana ngamava abo.
Uvavanyo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo
Nangona indlela yeReggio Emilia yaqala kwimfundo yabantwana abancinci, iye yahlengahlengiswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwizikolo zamabanga aphantsi, kwaye kancinci kancinci, kwizikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, uvavanyo luhlala lusenziwa ngumntu ngamnye, luqhubeka, kwaye lujolise kwinkqubo , kodwa luhlengahlengiswa ngokwexesha lokuvuthwa kunye nomdla weqela ngalinye leminyaka.
Kwimfundo yabantwana abancinci
Kwasebuntwaneni, izixhobo eziphambili kukujonga nokubhala amaxwebhu. Abantwana basebenza kwiiprojekthi, befumanisa, bevavanya, kwaye beveza amava abo ngemizobo, imidlalo yemifanekiso, umculo, kunye nokwakha. Inkqubela yabo ibonakala kwiiphaneli, iifolda, iijenali zeklasi, iifoto, kunye nemiboniso eyenzelwe ukwabelana neentsapho.
KwiMfundo yamabanga aphantsi
Njengoko umxholo wekharityhulam uthatha indawo ephambili, indlela yeReggio Emilia igxininisa kakhulu ekuphenyeni nasekufundeni ngamava . Iiprojekthi ezidibeneyo ziyaphuhliswa apho isayensi, uluntu, kunye nobugcisa zidityaniseka khona, zikhuthaza izakhono zehlabathi lokwenyani. Uvavanyo lusekelwe kwiirubriki ezidityanisiweyo , ukuvavanya ngokwakho, kunye nokuhlolwa kwenkqubo okuqhubekayo, ukusuka kumabanga eenombolo.
Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zobuchule kunye novavanyo kuhlala kusisiseko, kukhuthaza umdla kunye nomoya wophando. Ngaphezu koko, ootitshala bakhuthaza abantwana ukuba babuze imibuzo, benze uphando lwamaqela, kwaye basombulule imingeni esebenzayo , bekhuthaza indawo yokufunda esebenzisana apho ingqiqo kunye neemvakalelo ziyahambelana.
Kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo
Nangona zingaqhelekanga kangako, amanye amaziko kunye neeprojekthi zovavanyo, ezifana neReggio Explora , ziye zahlengahlengisa imigaqo yazo ukuze zihambelane nemfundo yabakwishumi elivisayo. Ziyaqhubeka nokugxininisa ekufundeni okusekelwe kwiprojekthi, ukuhlonitshwa kweetalente ezahlukeneyo, ukuxabisa ubuchule, kunye nokunxibelelana nehlabathi lokwenyani. Uvavanyo lwenziwa ngokujonga inkqubo, iirubrikhi ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokuphononongwa komsebenzi ngokudibeneyo.
Injongo ephambili kukuba ulutsha luphuhlise izakhono eziluncedo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, lubonise ukuzimela kwalo, kwaye lukwazi ukudlulisela oko likufundileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ngaphaya kweemvavanyo eziqhelekileyo kunye namanqaku.
Indima yosapho kuvavanyo lweReggio Emilia
Uphawu olwahlukileyo lwale ndlela yokufundisa kukuthatha inxaxheba kweentsapho . EReggio Emilia, abazali abangobabukeli nje kuphela, kodwa bayinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwezemfundo. Bathatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi, iiworkshops, iintlanganiso, kunye nohlalutyo lwamaxwebhu, bedala unxibelelwano olukhuthaza ukuhambelana kwemfundo phakathi kwekhaya nesikolo. Ngaphezu koko, oku kuvumela ukubekwa esweni okubanzi ngakumbi kophuhliso lomntwana.
Ubudlelwane noluntu budlulela ngaphaya kweyunithi yosapho. Ezi projekthi zikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlole imeko-bume yentlalo neyenkcubeko, bathathe inxaxheba kwimizamo edibeneyo, kwaye babonise indalo yabo ngaphandle kwegumbi lokufundela, nto leyo ephucula amava okufunda ngakumbi.
Izixhobo kunye neendawo zovavanyo olusebenzayo
Indawo elungiselelweyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela kaReggio Emilia. Iindawo ezivulekileyo, ezikhanyiswe kakuhle, nezihambelanayo ezizele zizinto ezinokwenzeka zikhuthaza inkululeko yokuhamba, ukuhlola, kunye nokuvavanya. Akukho magumbi okufundela avaliweyo okanye amaqela aqinileyo: amaqela axutyiweyo athandwa ngokusekelwe kwizinto anomdla kuzo kunye neemfuno, kunye nezixhobo ezinokuguquguquka, uninzi lwazo zendalo okanye eziphinda zisetyenziswe.
Injongo kukuba izixhobo zikhuthaze ubuchule kunye nokuzimela . Ukusuka kwiitafile ezikhanyayo zokuvavanya imibala kunye nokubonakala, ukuya kwiingobozi ezizaliswe zizinto ezahlukeneyo, iitreyi zesanti, izinto eziphilayo, kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiiprojekthi ezintsha, imeko-bume iba "ngutitshala wesithathu" okhuthaza ukufunda okupheleleyo kwaye enze kube lula ukujongwa kweenkqubo ukuze kuhlolwe ngokubanzi.
Iingenelo zenkqubo yovavanyo lweReggio Emilia
- Umbono opheleleyo nowomntu ngamnyeUvavanyo alusayi kuba lubalo lwamanani ukuze lugxile ekujongeni ngenyameko nangokwahlukeneyo, ukuxabisa izinto ezinomdla, iziphiwo kunye neemfuno.
- Ukukhuthaza ukuzimela kunye nokucinga nzuluNgokukhuthaza ukuziqalela izinto kunye neeprojekthi zobuqu, abafundi baphuhlisa izakhono zokuzilawula kunye nokuzithemba.
- Ukukhuthaza ubuchule kunye nokuhlolaOlu xwebhu lusenza sikwazi ukuxabisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonakalisa kunye nenkqubela phambili kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobugcisa, isayensi, umculo okanye ulwimi.
- Indawo yokufunda esebenzisanayo nebandakanya wonke umntuImilinganiselo efana nentlonipho, umanyano kunye nokuhlala kunye zibalulekile kuyo yonke le nkqubo.
- Ukulungiselela ubomi bokwenyaniInkuthazo yokufunda, ubudlelwane noluntu, kunye nendlela esebenzayo ibalungiselela ngcono abafundi imingeni yexesha elizayo.
Ezi mpawu zenze indlela yeReggio Emilia kunye nenkqubo yayo yokuvavanya yathandwa kwihlabathi liphela. Ukuziqhelanisa kwayo okuqhubekayo kuyivumela ukuba iphendule kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko kwaye ikhuthaze ubuntwana obukhululekileyo nobunobuchule, obunika amandla abantwana ukuba babumbe ikamva.